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Behind  Communism 

By  Frank  L.  Britton  (Probably  published  in  1952) 


BEHIND 


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COMMUNISM 


By  Frank  L.  Britton 

with  special  update  by  Lawrence  Patterson 


To  understand  the  total  problem  of 
Communism  it  is  necessary  that  we  trace  the 
course  of  the  movement  from  it's  beginning 
down  to  the  present.  We  must  understand 
who  it's  originators  were,  and  what  they 
were,  and  we  must  gain  some  idea  as  to  the 
forces  which  influenced  and  shaped  their 
philosophy. 

Unfortunately,  any  deep-down  discussion  of 
Communism  and  Marxism  involves  the 
Jewish  question.  We  cannot  honestly  discuss 
the  subject  without  revealing— and 
commenting  on— the  fact  that  the  founders 
of  Russian  Communism  were  Jewish. 
Neither  can  we  ignore  the  fact  that  all  but  a 
few  of  the  top  leadership  of  the  American 
Communism  party— including  the  recently 
convicted  spies—  are  of  the  same  race.  These 
are  facts  of  history  over  which  we  have  no 
control.  But  we  are  faced  with  the  very 
serious  problem  of  how  to  reveal  these  facts 
without  being  labeled— and  treated— as  "anti- 
Semites." 


Contents 

1.  THE  PERSECUTION  MYTH 

2.  THE  JEW  IN  EUROPE 

3.  RETURN  TO  THE  EAST 

4.  THE  RENAISSANCE 

5.  THE  TERROR  SECTION 

6.  BLOODY  SUNDAY 

7.  PETERSBERG  SOVIET 

8.  REVOLUTION 

9.  HISTORY  OF  BOLSHEVISM 

10.  MORE  PETERSBERG  SOVIET 

11.  SIXTH  PARTY  CONGRESS 

12.  TROTZKY  TO  POWER 

13.  CONSTITUENT  ASSEMBLY 

14.  THE  RED  TERROR 

15.  BELA  RUN 

16.  STALINS  PAST 

17.  KAGANOVICH 

18.  IRON  CURTAIN  DICTATORS 

19.  JEWS  IN  AMERICA 

20.  NEW  YORK:  Jewish  World  Capital 

21.  THE  TREASON  TRIALS 

22.  COMMUNISM  IN  HOLLYWOOD 


The  main  reason  why  so  little  is  known  concerning  the  true  nature  of  Communism 
stems  from  this  problem.  Historical  writers  have  been  understandably  reluctant  to  hold 
forth  on  the  subject  for  fear  of  marking  themselves  as  "race  haters"  and  "bigots."  For  this 
reason  the  entire  subject  has  been  placed  beyond  the  pale  of  discussion.  One  simply 
does  not  use  the  word  "Jew"  and  "Communism"  together. 

The  result  is,  of  course,  censorship.  In  this  work  we  have  decided  to  breach  the  wall  of 
silence  at  whatever  the  cost,  and  to  treat  the  subject  as  fairly  and  as  honestly  as  we  know 
how.  No  attempt  is  made  to  single  out  individuals  because  they  happened  to  be  born  to  a 
certain  race:  neither  have  we  exempted  anyone  from  criticism  for  that  reason.  It  was 
decided  that  since  Communism  and  Judaism  are  so  irretrievably  bound  one  to  the  other, 
a  history  of  the  Jewish  people  would  contribute  substantially  to  an  understanding  of  the 
present  communist  menace. 


NOTE  [BY  FRANK  BRITTON]: 

Encyclopedia  Britannica  is  used  as  a  reference  source  because  of  its  ready  availability  to 
the  average  reader.  It  is  not  an  "anti-Semitic"  publication.  In  fact,  the  Encyclopedia 
Britannica  Corporation  was  purchased  by  the  (Jewish)  Julius  Rosenwald  interests  in 
1920,  and  since  then  all  material  pertaining  to  the  Jewish  question  his  been  re-written 
to  conform  to  the  Jewish  outlook. 


The  Funk  &  Wagnall's  Jewish  Encyclopedia  is  uniformly  referred  to  throughout  this 
work  as  the  "Jewish  Encyclopedia. "  Consisting  of  12  volumes,  it  is  available  in  all  major 
libraries.  It  should  not  be  confused  with  the  10  volume  "Universal  Jewish 
Encyclopedia, "  published  by  Universal  Jewish  Encyclopedia,  Inc.,  New  York,  1939. 
Both,  however,  are  authoritative  Jewish  publications,  compiled  by  and  for  Jews. 

Valentine's  Jewish  Encyclopedia,  Shapiro  Valentine  Co.,  London  - 1938.  England. 

Outline  of  History,  third  edition,  by  H.  G.  Wells. 

THE  PERSECUTION  MYTH 

With  Shrill  Insistence 

We  cannot  undertake  even  this  brief  history  of  the  modern  Jew  without  taking  note  of  a 
phenomenon  which  has  confounded  gentile  societies  for  twenty  centuries.  This  is  the 
ability  of  the  Jewish  people  to  collectively  retain  their  identity  despite  centuries  of 
exposure  to  Christian  civilization.  To  any  student  of  Judaism,  or  to  the  Jews  themselves, 
this  phenomenon  is  partly  explained  by  the  fact  that  Judaism  is  neither  mainly  a 
religion  nor  mainly  a  racial  matter,  nor  yet  is  it  simply  a  matter  of  nationality.  Rather  it 
is  all  three;  it  is  a  kind  of  trinity.  Judaism  is  best  described  as  a  nationality  built  on  the 
twin  pillars  of  race  and  religion. 

All  this  is  closely  related  to  another  aspect  of  Judaism,  namely,  the  persecution  myth. 
Since  first  appearing  in  history  we  find  the  Jews  propagating  the  idea  that  they  are  an 
abused  and  persecuted  people,  and  this  idea  is,  and  has  always  been,  central  in  Jewish 
thinking.  The  myth  of  persecution  is  the  adhesive  and  cement  of  Judaism;  without  it 
Jews  would  have  long  since  ceased  to  exist,  their  racial-religious  nationality 
notwithstanding . 

Jews  do  not  always  agree  among  themselves,  and  it  is  only  in  the  presence  of  their 
enemies— real  or  imagined— that  Jewish  thinking  crystallizes  into  unanimity.  In  this 
respect  they  differ  not  at  all  from  other  peoples:  Adolph  Hitler  solidified  German 
opinion  around  the  idea  that  Germany  was  wronged  at  Versailles,  that  the  German 
people  were  abused  and  victimized  by  the  Allies,  and  that  only  by  holding  together  could 
they  prevail  against  the  overwhelming  might  of  their  enemies  ... 

For  twenty-five  centuries  the  Jewish  mind  has  been  conditioned  by  the  same  appeal. 
Through  all  Jewish  thinking  and  all  Jewish  history  the  refrain  of  persecution  has 
sounded  with  shrill  insistence.  Thus  we  find  every  accident  of  fortune  being  chronicled, 
enhanced,  and  passed  on  to  succeeding  generations  as  another  example  of  gentile 
cruelty  to  the  chosen  race.  And  almost  inevitably  we  find  opposition  to  Jewish 
aspirations  and  ambitions  being  translated  into  these  same  terms  of  persecution,  and  all 
Jewish  shortcomings  being  excused  on  the  same  basis. 

Now  it  is  a  fact  that  the  Jewish  people  have  suffered  numerous  hardships  in  the  course 
of  their  history,  but  this  is  true  of  other  peoples  too.  The  chief  difference  is  that  the  Jews 


have  kept  score— they  have  made  a  tradition  of  persecution.  A  casual  slaughter  of 
Christians  is  remembered  by  no  one  in  50  years,  but  a  disability  visited  upon  a  few  Jews 
is  preserved  forever  in  Jewish  histories.  And  they  tell  their  woes  not  only  to  themselves, 
but  to  a  sympathetic  world  as  well ... 

THE  JEW  IN  EUROPE 

Even  The  Coins  Were  Jewish 

We  find  the  first  Jews  filtering  into  Europe  some  time  before  the  Christian  era, 
particularly  in  the  region  of  Greece.  The  ancient  Greeks  spoke  of  these  Asiatic  invaders 
with  considerable  bitterness.  Very  quickly  they  spread  throughout  the  Roman  Empire 
and  into  Europe  proper.  The  Jewish  merchant,  artisan,  and  slave  trader  appear  on  the 
Roman  scene  with  increasing  frequency  after  the  second  century  AD.  and  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  their  position  in  the  Roman  world  was  one  of  growing  importance  even  as 
the  Empire  drifted  to  destruction.  Under  Justinian,  says  the  Jewish  Encyclopedia, 

"They  enjoyed  full  religious  liberty,  in  return  for  which  they  assumed  all  a  citizen's 
duty  toward  the  state;  minor  offices  were  also  open  to  them.  Only  the  synagogues 
were  exempt  from  the  duty  of  quartering  soldiers.  The  trade  in  slaves  constituted  the 
main  source  of  livelihood  for  the  Roman  Jews,  and  decrees  against  this  traffic  were 
issued  in  335, 336,  339,  384,  etc. " 

[Funk  &  Wagnall's  Jewish  Encyclopedia,  page  460,  vol.  10] 

Seneca,  in  his  writings,  bitterly  assailed  the  Romans  of  his  day  for  aping  the  Jews,  and 
some  historians  (notably  Gibbon  in  his  monumental  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire)  have  ascribed  the  downfall  of  Rome  to  their  corrupting  influence.  Nero's  wife, 
Poppaea,  was  a  converted  Jewess.  As  Rome  reeled  into  decline  and  final  collapse,  and  as 
the  Dark  Ages  descended  over  Western  civilization,  we  find  the  Jew  taking  a  strangle- 
hold over  what  remained  of  European  commerce.  Says  Encyclopedia  Britannica: 

". . .  there  was  an  inevitable  tendency  for  him  to  specialize  in  commerce,  for  which  his 
acumen  and  ubiquity  gave  him  special  qualifications.  In  the  dark  ages  the  commerce  of 
western  Europe  was  largely  in  his  hands,  in  particular  the  slave  trade,  and  in 
Carolingian  cartularies  Jew  and  merchant  are  used  as  almost  interchangeable  terms. " 

[Encyclopedia  Britannica,  page  57,  vol.  13—1947.] 

This  hold  over  European  commerce  finally  became  so  utterly  complete  that  few  gentiles 
engaged  in  trade  at  all;  it  had  become  almost  entirely  a  Jewish  monopoly.  In  Poland  and 
Hungary,  the  coins  bore  Jewish  inscriptions  ... 

Throughout  the  Medieval  period,  ["Dark  Ages,"  "Medieval  Period,"  and  "Middle  Ages" 
are  synonymous  terms  used  to  describe  the  period  of  decline  which  characterized 
western  civilization  between  500-1300  A.D.]  which  lasted  from  500  AD.  to  1300  A.D., 
the  Jew  merchant  was  dominant  all  over  Europe  (except  Scandinavia,  where  he  was 


never  permitted  to  enter)  and  this  dominance  included  control  over  the  eastern  trade 
routes  to  the  Levant.  There  was  to  be  no  relief  from  this  situation  until  the  Jews  were 
evicted  from  Europe  in  the  century  directly  preceding  the  Renaissance. 

In  1215  the  Catholic  Church,  at  the  Fourth  Lateran  Council,  broke  the  back  of  European 
Jewry  with  a  set  of  restrictions  designed  to  curb  their  commercial  monopoly.  These 
decrees  restricted  Jews  to  residence  in  their  own  communities,  prohibited  absolutely 
their  hiring  of  Christian  employees  and  prohibited  them  from  engaging  in  many  types  of 
commercial  activity. 

Expelled 

The  Fourth  Lateran  Council  restricted  Jewish  commercial  advantage  but  it  did  not  end 
the  Jewish  problem.  Beginning  in  the  latter  part  of  the  13th  century,  one  European 
country  after  another  expelled  its  Jewish  population  as  the  only  final  solution  to  the 
problem.  First  to  take  the  step  was  England  which  banned  them  in  1290.  Fifteen  years 
later  in  1306  the  French  followed  suit.  In  steady  succession  the  various  states  of  Europe 
emulated  this  example  with  Spain  being  one  of  the  last  to  enforce  the  ban  in  1492.  The 
situation  in  Spain  is  worth  noting.  Says  Encyclopedia  Britannica:  [page  57,  vol.  13  - 
1947]: 

"...  The  14th  century  was  the  golden  age  of  their  history  in  Spain.  In  1391  the  preaching 
of  a  priest  of  Seville,  Fernando  Martenez,  led  to  the  first  general  massacre  of  the  Jews 
who  were  envied  for  their  prosperity  and  hated  because  they  were  the  king's  tax 
collectors. " 

Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  after  uniting  Spain  and  driving  out  the  Moors  turned  their 
attention  to  the  Jewish  problem,  with  the  result  that  they  were  evicted  completely  in 
1492.  In  1498  Portugal  evicted  its  Jewish  population  also. 

The  Exploiters 

A  great  deal  has  been  said  about  the  "persecution"  of  the  Jews  in  Europe  and  elsewhere, 
and  they  have  pretty  well  convinced  the  world  (or  at  least  Americans)  that  these 
hardships  were  inflicted  on  an  innocent  people.  But  these  rich  Spanish  Jews  we  see 
being  evicted  in  1492  were  not  down-trodden  folk.  They  were  the  wealthy,  the 
privileged,  the  exploiters:  they  were  the  well-fed  merchants  and  the  gouging  tax 
collectors ... 

So  it  was  in  Portugal;  in  that  country  we  find  that  the  deportation  of  the  Jews  ... 

"deprived  Portugal  of  its  middle  class  and  its  most  scientific  traders  and  financiers. " 

[Encyclopedia  Britannica,  page  279,  vol.  18  - 1947.] 

Undeniably  this  class  of  traders  and  financiers  was  put  to  hardship  by  this  banishment, 
but  it  does  not  follow  that  they  were  victims  of  discrimination  in  the  accepted  sense,  nor 


were  they  underprivileged  in  any  way.  Rather  we  see  a  wealthy  merchant  group  being 
ousted  from  its  seat  of  vested  privilege  by  a  thoroughly  outraged,  and  a  thoroughly 
exploited  Christian  society ... 

The  situation  in  England  was  similar.  The  Jews  had  come  to  England  in  the  wake  of  the 
Norman  conquest  and  had  quickly  gained  a  position  of  wealth  and  prosperity.  Says 
Valentine's  Jewish  Encyclopedia  of  this  period: 

"Their  numbers  and  prosperity  increased,  Aaron  of  Lincoln  being  the  wealthiest  man 
in  England  in  his  time  ...  his  financial  transactions  covering  the  whole  country  and 
concerning  many  of  the  leading  nobles  and  churchmen  ...  On  his  death  his  property 
passed  to  the  crown  and  a  special  branch  of  the  exchequer  had  to  be  created  to  deal 
with  it." 


^^  England 


England,  ironically  enough,  was  the  last  country  to  be  invaded  by  the  Jews  and  the  first 
to  evict  them.  After  the  Fourth  Lateran  Council  the  Jews  had  become  increasingly 
difficult  to  deal  with  and  there  were  a  number  of  anti -Jewish  riots.  Perplexed  by  the 
problem  posed  by  this  alien  minority  which  seemed  well  on  its  way  to  corralling  the 
kingdom's  wealth,  and  failing  in  an  attempt  to  force  its  assimilation.  Edward  I 
confiscated  all  Jewish  wealth  and  evicted  them  permanently  in  1290.  Not  until  1655  was 
a  Jew  legally  permitted  to  re-enter  England.  Britain  thus  established  the  precedent  for 
the  later  eviction  which  soon  followed  on  the  continent. 


V* 


France 


In  France  too  the  Jews  were  dominant  in  trade  and  finance  and  had  been  since  before 
Charlemagne's  time.  Under  Philip  the  Fair  (1285-1314)  one  of  the  last,  and  certainly  one 
of  the  greatest  of  the  Capetian  line,  France  had  become  the  greatest  power  in  Europe.  It 
was  Philip's  need  for  money  which  led  him  to  seize  Jewish  wealth  and  drive  them  from 
the  country.  He  had  already  before  1306  taken  desperate  measures  to  raise  money, 
which  was  in  short  supply,  by  forbidding  the  export  of  gold  and  silver  from  France.  The 
same  need  for  money  brought  him  into  conflict  with  the  Templars,  whose  wealth  he  also 
seized.  But  it  was  the  Jews  who  controlled  the  greatest  supply  of  floating  wealth.  In  1306 
Philip  solved  his  financial  problem— and  France's  Jewish  problem— by  expropriating 
their  wealth  and  evicting  them.  Thus  ended  the  centuries-long  commercial  dominance 
of  the  Jew  in  France.  Later  a  few  were  permitted  to  return  and  these  were  in  turn  ejected 
in  1394- 

RETURN  TO  THE  EAST 

The  Evictions 

Space  does  not  permit  a  detailed  discussion  of  the  other  evictions  which  followed  and 
which  resulted  in  the  banishment  of  the  Jews  from  virtually  every  country  in  Western 


Europe  in  the  succeeding  centuries  but  here  in  chronological  order  is  a  list  of  the 
evictions: 


ENGLAND 
FRANCE 


Jews  expelled  in  1290  by  Edward  I.  Not  permitted  to  re-enter  till  1655. 


SAXONY: 
HUNGARY: 


Expelled  in  1306  by  Philip  the  Fair.  A  few  were  permitted  to  return  but  were 
again  evicted  in  1394.  Jewish  settlements  remained  in  Bordeaux,  Avignon, 
Marseilles,  (from  where  they  were  evicted  in  1682)  and  in  the  northern 
province  of  Alsace. 

Expelled  in  1349. 

By  1092  the  Jews  were  in  control  of  Hungary's  tax  collections.  In  1360  they 
were  expelled  but  later  returned.  In  1582  they  were  again  expelled  from  the 
Christian  part  of  Hungary. 


BELGIUM: 

Expelled  in  1370.  A  few  settled  there  again  in  1450,  but  no  large  numbers 
came  till  1700. 

SLOVAKIA: 

Ousted  from  Prague  in  1380.  Many  settled  there  again  after  1562.  In  1744 
Marie  Theresa  expelled  them  again. 

AUSTRIA: 

Expelled  in  1420  by  Albrecht  V. 

NETHERLANDS 

:  Expelled  from  Utrecht  in  1444. 

SPAIN: 

Expelled  in  1492. 

LITHUANIA: 

Expelled  in  1495  by  Grand  Duke  Alexander.  They  later  returned. 

PORTUGAL: 

Expelled  in  1498. 

PRUSSIA: 

Expelled  in  1510. 

ITALY: 

Expelled  from  Kingdom  of  Naples  and  Sardinia  in  1540. 

BAVARIA: 


Banned  permanently  in  1551. 


Jews  were  not  permitted  to  enter  Sweden  until  1782.  None  were  permitted  to  enter 
Denmark  before  the  17th  century  and  they  were  not  allowed  in  Norway  after  1814.  Today 
only  a  handful  reside  in  all  Scandinavia. 


^*  Back  to  Poland 

By  1500  all  of  Western  Europe  except  northern  Italy,  parts  of  Germany,  and  the  Papal 
possessions  around  Avignon,  had  been  rid  of  the  Jewish  invasion.  For  a  while,  at  least, 
Europe  was  free  of  the  Jews;  not  until  1650  did  they  return  in  any  numbers.  Says 
Encyclopedia  Britannica:  [page  57-58,  vol.  13  - 1947.] 

"The  great  mass  of  the  Jewish  people  were  thus  to  be  found  once  more  in  the  East,  in 
the  Polish  and  Turkish  empires  . .  The  few  communities  suffered  to  remain  in  western 
Europe  were  meanwhile  subjected  at  last  to  all  the  restrictions  which  earlier  ages  had 
usually  allowed  to  remain  as  an  ideal;  so  that  in  a  sense,  the  Jewish  dark  ages  may  be 
said  to  begin  with  the  Renaissance. " 

THE  RENAISSANCE 

As  the  Jew  Departed ... 

The  period  marked  by  the  evictions— 1300  to  1650— also  marks  the  period  of  the 
Renaissance  which  broke  over  Europe  as  the  Jews  departed.  Starting  at  first  in  the 
trading  cities  of  northern  Italy  in  about  1300,  there  began  a  great  rebirth  of  culture  and 
learning  which  at  first  was  based  almost  entirely  on  the  writings  of  the  ancient  Greeks 
and  Romans.  Very  quickly  this  renascent  culture  spread  over  Europe  and  when  the  age 
had  ended,  in  about  1650,  Europe  was  by  comparison  with  her  former  status, 
enlightened  and  civilized.  Quite  obviously  all  this  could  not  have  taken  place  had  it  not 
been  for  a  great  upsurge  of  commercial  activity  which  occurred  simultaneously  with, 
and  as  an  adjunct  of,  the  Renaissance.  Not  until  the  nations  of  Europe  had  wrested 
commercial  control  from  the  ghetto  did  this  rebirth  of  western  civilization  occur. 

The  Ghettos 

"Wherever  Jews  have  settled,  since  the  beginning  of  the  Diaspora,  they  have  proceeded 
to  create  their  own  communal  organizations.  Various  factors  of  an  internal 
character— religious,  cultural,  social,  and  economic— as  well  as  external  factors,  have 
contributed  to  this  factor" 

(Page  201,  The  Jewish  People,  Past  and  Present,  by  the  Central  Yiddish  Culture 
Organization  (CYCO),  New  York). 

It  is  virtually  impossible  to  comprehend  the  character  of  Judaism  without  some 
knowledge  of  the  nature  of  the  Medieval  Jewish  community.  (Kahal;  Ghetto).  Probably 
one  of  the  commonest  fallacies  extant  today  concerns  the  true  origin  of  the  ghetto.  Most 
history  books  defer  to  Jewish  sensibilities  by  giving  the  Jewish  version,  namely  that  the 
Jewish  people  were  for  centuries  forced  to  reside  in  a  special  quarter  of  the  city  as  a 
result  of  the  bigotry  and  intolerance  of  the  Christian  majority.  This  is  not  true,  and  no 
scholar  of  Judaism  believes  it  to  be. 


Valentine's  Jewish  Encyclopedia  describes  the  origin  of  the  ghetto  as  follows: 

"At  any  rate  the  word  became  general  for  a  Jew's  quarter.  Already  in  antiquity  the 
Jews  voluntarily  occupied  special  quarters;  In  the  Middle  Ages,  Jew's  streets  or 
Jewries  were  to  be  found  from  the  end  of  the  nth  century,  but  the  motive  of  their 
concentration  was  no  longer  religious  or  social:  trade  caused  them  to  settle  near  the 
market,  or  danger  made  them  seek  the  protection  of  the  reigning  prince,  the  protector 
also  wishing  to  have  them  together  for  the  easier  collection  of  taxes.  It  was  not  until  the 
13th  century  that  the  Jew's  quarter  was  turned  into  a  compulsory  Ghetto. ...  The 
concentration  of  Jews  in  Ghettos,  although  unintended,  had  its  good  result.  It 
preserved  the  communal  feeling  and  the  traditional  Jewish  culture. " 

As  a  point  of  fact  these  ghetto-communities  existed  only  because  the  Jews  wanted  them 
to  exist— they  represented  a  desire  on  the  part  of  Jewry  to  remain  aloof  and  exclusive  of 
Christian  Society.  Says  Valentine's  Jewish  Encyclopedia  [p  589]: 

"There  were  as  a  rule  officially  recognized  authorities  in  the  Jewish  communities  in 
Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages  to  regulate  their  own  affairs  and  to  treat  as  a  body 
with  the  civil  government.  Even  with  no  other  incentive  but  that  of  living  up  to  the 
requirements  of  Judaism  the  Jews  of  a  locality  were  compelled  to  organize  themselves 
into  a  community  (Kahal;  Kehilla),  in  order  to  regulate  ritual,  educational  and 
charitable  institutions.  Courts  of  law  were  also  a  necessity,  since  Jewish  litigants  were 
expected  to  obey  the  civil  code  of  the  Talmud." 

The  ghetto  was  not  merely  a  place  of  residence;  it  was  in  the  fullest  sense  a  community 
within  a  community.  Here  the  Jews  maintained  their  culture,  their  religion,  and  their 
tradition  of  solidarity.  Here  they  nursed  their  age-long  hatred  for  Christian  civilization. 
Says  Encyclopedia  Britannica  [p  59,  vol.  13  - 1947.]: 

"All  these  activities  necessitated  a  great  deal  of  legislation  and  in  this  the  autonomous 
Jewish  community  was  granted  the  widest  latitude.  Ordinances  were  enacted  by  Jews 
governing  every  phase  of  life:  business,  synagogue  attendance,  social  morals,  policing, 
prescriptions  for  dress,  and  a  detailed  regimentation  of  amusements ...  The 
characteristic  common  to  the  medieval  Jewish  community  were:  self  imposed 
discipline,  the  considering  of  all  religious,  philanthropic,  educational,  and  self  defense 
problems  as  common  concerns,  and  a  strong  sense  of  solidarity  fortified  by  a  uniform 
way  of  life." 

For  ten  centuries  preceding  the  great  evictions,  in  virtually  every  Christian  nation  of 
Europe  (and  in  Mohammedan  Spain,  Africa,  and  Asia  Minor)  these  Jews  settled  into 
these  parasitic  ghetto-communities  and  here  they  nurtured  and  maintained  a  culture 
which  was  quite  a  thing  apart  from  the  culture  of  the  European.  When  finally  they  were 
driven  from  Western  Europe  in  the  centuries  preceding  the  Renaissance,  we  find  them 
settling  and  establishing  ghetto-communities  in  Poland  and  Russia  which  have  lasted 
down  to  the  present  day.  The  Medieval  ghetto  did  not  disappear  with  the  ending  of  the 
Dark  Ages— it  was  transferred,  unimpaired,  to  Eastern  Europe,  where  the  majority  of  the 
world's  Jews  settled. 


The  institution  of  the  ghetto  has  enabled  two  basically  different  cultures  and  peoples  to 
remain  side  by  side— one  Asiatic  and  Judaic,  the  other  European  and  Christian— without 
becoming  integrated.  It  is  primarily  for  this  reason  that  the  Jew  has  remained  an  alien 
in  spite  of  centuries  of  exposure  to  Christian  civilization.  And  that  is  why  the  Spanish 
Jew  remained  a  Jew  first  and  a  Spaniard  second,  and  why  the  Polish  Jew,  the  Russian 
Jew,  and  the  German  Jew,  have  given  their  first  allegiance  to  Judah  and  rendered  a  sort 
of  second-hand  loyalty  to  the  country  of  their  abode. 


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The  modern  Jew  is  descended  from  a  mixture  of  Asiatic  peoples,  largely  Semitic  in  origin,  but 
not  Hebraic.  This  map  is  based  on  Britton's  reproduction  from  Funk  &  Wagnall,  itself  based 
on  Atlas  de  Geographie  Historique  by  Schrader.  Shading  showed  Roman  Catholics,  Greek 
Catholics,  Mohammedans,  Jews,  and  Pagans.  I've  indicated  the  boundaries,  on  the  same  map, 
of  the  Khazars,  the  Pale,  and  Russia;  and  emphasized  where  Ukraine  is.  The  rectangle 
corresponds  to  the  maps  of  Poland,  below. 

The  modern  Jew  with  his  Yiddish  culture  and  rapacious  financial  traditions  should  not 
be  confused  with  the  biblical  Hebrews,  who  were  mainly  a  pastoral  people.  The 
international  Jew  of  modern  times  is  indeed  the  bastardized  product  of  a  bastardized 
past.  He  does  not  truly  worship  the  Bible,  but  the  Talmud;  he  does  not  speak  Hebrew, 
but  Yiddish;  he  is  not  descended  from  Israel,  but  from  the  scum  of  the  eastern 
Mediterranean.  This  is  vividly  illustrated  by  H.  G.  Wells  in  his  great  Outline  of  History: 


"The  Jewish  idea  was  and  is  a  curious  combination  of  theological  breadth  and  an 
intense  racial  patriotism.  The  Jews  looked  for  a  special  saviour,  a  Messiah,  who  was  to 


redeem  mankind  by  the  agreeable  process  of  restoring  the  fabulous  glories  of  David 
and  Solomon,  and  bringing  the  whole  world  it  last  under  the  benevolent  but  firm 
Jewish  heel.  As  the  political  power  of  the  peoples  declined  as  Carthage  followed  Tyre 
into  the  darkness  and  Spain  became  a  Roman  province,  this  dream  grew  and  spread. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  scattered  Phoenicians  in  Spain  and  Africa  and 
throughout  the  Mediterranean,  speaking  as  they  did  a  language  closely  akin  to 
Hebrew  and  being  deprived  of  their  authentic  political  rights,  became  proselytes  to 
Judaism.  For  phases  of  vigorous  proselytism  alternated  with  phases  of  exclusive 
jealousy  in  Jewish  history.  On  one  occasion  the  Idumeans,  being  conquered,  were  all 
forcibly  made  Jews.  (Josephus).  There  were  Arab  tribes  who  were  Jews  in  the  time  of 
Muhammad,  and  a  Turkish  people  who  were  mainly  Jews  in  South  Russia  in  the  ninth 
century.  Judaism  is  indeed  the  reconstructed  political  ideal  of  many  shattered 
peoples— mainly  Semitic.  It  is  to  the  Phoenician  contingent  and  to  Aramean  accessions 
in  Babylon  that  the  financial  and  commercial  tradition  of  the  Jews  is  to  be  ascribed. 
But  as  a  result  of  these  coalescences  and  assimilations,  almost  everywhere  in  the  towns 
throughout  the  Roman  Empire,  and  far  beyond  it  in  the  east,  Jewish  communities 
traded  and  flourished,  and  were  kept  in  touch  through  the  Bible,  and  through  a 
religious  and  educational  organization.  The  main  part  of  Jewry  never  was  in  Judea 
and  had  never  come  out  of  Judea. " 

[Outline  of  History  page  493-494,  third  edition,  by  H.  G.  Wells.  Section  'Christianity 
and  Islam',  with  a  footnote  recommending  the  Cambridge  Medieval  History.] 

The  "Turkish"  people  whom  Wells  mentions  were  the  Chazars  [Chazar=Khazar],  who 
built  an  empire  in  south  Russia  in  the  9th  century  A.  D.  This  Chazar  empire  was 
infiltrated  by  large  numbers  of  Byzantine  Jews.  By  process  of  intermarriage  and 
conversion  these  Chazars  became  identified  as  Jews  and  in  all  Jewish  histories  and 
encyclopedias  the  words  "Chazar"  and  "Jew"  are  used  interchangeably.  In  the  tenth 
century  a  succession  of  invasions  destroyed  the  Chazar  empire  and  large  numbers  of 
these  Chazar-Jews  settled  in  the  area  of  what  is  now  Poland.  Others  found  their  way  to 
western  Europe  and  Spain,  where  they  mingled  with  the  already  bastardized 
conglomeration  of  European  Jewry. 


Poland's  Fate 


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These  Jews  we  find  settling  in  Poland  in  the  early  14th  century  came  there  at  the 
invitation  of  Casimir  I,  who  seems  to  have  been  under  strong  Jewish  influence.  As  early 
as  the  10th  century  the  Jews  (chiefly  of  Khazar  origin)  were  influential  in  Poland,  and  by 
the  12th  century  they  were  well  enough  entrenched  to  monopolize  the  coinage  of 
Poland's  money.  Says  the  Jewish  Encyclopedia:  [Funk  &  Wagnall's  Jewish 
Encyclopedia,  page  56,  vol.  10] 

"Coins  unearthed  in  1812  in  the  Great  Polish  village  ofGlenbok  show  conclusively  that 
in  the  reigns  of  Mieczyslauw  III  (1173-1209),  Casimir,  and  Leshek  (1194-1205),  the 
Jews  were,  as  stated  above,  in  charge  of  the  coinage  of  Great  and  Little  Poland. " 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  these  coins  bore  Jewish  as  well  as  Polish  inscriptions. 

The  history  of  Poland  for  the  next  3  centuries  revolves  around  the  struggle  for 
supremacy  between  the  native  Polish  people  and  the  Jews.  During  the  greater  part  of 
that  time  Poland  was  more  or  less  dominated  by  the  Jews— a  situation  most  beneficial  to 
all,  according  to  Jewish  history  books.  But  when,  as  occasionally  happened,  there  was  a 
lapse  in  Jewish  fortunes,  these  same  histories  are  replete  with  accounts  of  gentile  cruelty 
and  bestiality  to  the  chosen  race.  And  because  these  laments  have  been  repeated  often 
enough  and  loudly  enough  there  is  a  widely  held  belief  that  Poland  has  been  a  land  of 
oppression  for  Jewry ... 


It  has  been  the  unhappy  fate  of  Poland  to  be  saddled  for  the  greater  part  of  its  history 
with  a  large  proportion  of  the  world's  Jewish  population.  This,  more  than  anything  else, 
accounts  for  the  tragic  disunity  which  has  kept  Poland  from  taking  its  place  among  the 
great  nations  of  the  earth. 

In  1793  (third  partition)  Poland  was  divided  between  Prussia  and  Russia  and  thus 
ceased  to  exist  as  a  nation.  Russia  thus  fell  heir  to  a  full  fledged  Jewish  problem. 

^*  Russia 

The  third  partition  of  Poland  was  an  event  of  paramount  significance  in  Russian  history 
because  as  a  by-product  of  the  partition  she  acquired  the  world's  largest  Jewish 
population.  From  this  moment  on  Russia's  history  became  hopelessly  intertwined  with 
the  Jewish  problem,  and  eventually,  as  we  shall  relate,  the  Jews  brought  about  the 
downfall  of  Imperial  Russia. 

No  one  can  possibly  understand  the  nature  of  present  day  communism,  nor  of  Zionism, 
without  some  knowledge  of  the  situation  existing  in  Russia  in  the  century  preceding  the 
October  revolution  of  1917.  We  have  already  noted  the  presence  of  Khazar  Jews  in 
Poland  in  the  10th  century,  and  these  same  Khazar  Jews  are  to  be  found  in  Russia  from 
that  time  on.  But  whereas  Poland  had  invited  the  evicted  Jews  of  western  Europe  to 
settle  in  vast  numbers  within  its  boundaries  in  the  13th,  14th,  and  15th  centuries,  the 
Imperial  Russian  government  had  permitted  no  such  immigrations,  and  had  in  fact 
sealed  its  borders  to  them.  As  would  be  expected,  therefore,  the  Imperial  government 
was  something  less  than  enthusiastic  over  this  sudden  acquisition  of  Poland's  teeming 
masses  of  Jews. 

Pale  of  Settlement 


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L»wiNWv  £:  V^i  A.    &«*  i "  3$  "pale rf  Settlemerrt c- 1917 


The  Pale  of  Settlement  extended  from  the  Crimea  to  the  Baltic  Sea,  encompassing  an  area  half 
as  great  as  western  Europe.  By  1917,  seven  million  Jews  resided  there,  comprising  perhaps 
half  the  world's  total  Jewish  population.  It  was  within  the  Pale  of  Settlement  that  the  twin 
philosophies  of  Communism  and  Zionism  flourished.  Both  movements  grew  out  of  Jewish 
hatred  of  Christian  civilization  (persecutor  of  the  "chosen  race"),  and  both  movements  have 
spread  wherever  Jews  have  emigrated.  The  Pale  of  Settlement  has  been  the  reservoir  from 
which  the  world-wide  forces  of  communism  have  flowed.  It  is  worth  noting  that  half  of  the 
world's  Jewish  population  now  resides  in  the  U.S.,  and  that  all  but  a  handful  of  these  are  from 
the  Pale,  or  are  descendants  of  emigrants  from  the  Pale. 

From  the  very  beginning  the  Tsarist  government  imposed  a  set  of  restrictions  designed 
to  protect  Russia's  economy  and  culture  from  the  inroads  of  the  Jew.  It  was  decreed  (in 
1772)  that  Jews  could  settle  in  Greater  Russia,  but  only  in  certain  areas.  Within  this 
"Pale  of  Settlement"  Jews  were  more  or  less  free  to  conduct  their  affairs  as  they  pleased. 
But  travel  or  residence  beyond  the  Pale  was  rigidly  restricted,  so  that  in  1897  (date  of 
Russia's  1st  census)  93.9%  of  Russia's  Jewish  population  lived  within  its  boundaries, 
and  only  6%  of  the  total  resided  in  other  parts  of  the  Empire.  To  prevent  smuggling,  no 
Jew  was  permitted  to  reside  within  50  versts  of  the  border. 

From  the  standpoint  of  Jewish  history,  the  Pale  of  Settlement  ranks  as  one  of  the  most 
significant  factors  of  modern  times.  Here  within,  a  single  and  contiguous  area  the 
greater  part  of  Jewry  had  gathered,  and  was  to  remain,  for  something  like  125  years.  For 
the  first  time  Jewry  was  subjected  to  a  common  environment  and  a  common  ground  of 
experience.  Out  of  this  common  experience  and  environment  there  evolved  the  Yiddish 
speaking  Jew  of  the  20th  century.  Here  too  were  born  the  great  movements  of  Zionism 
and  Communism. 


The  Kahal 

We  have  already  remarked  upon  the  habit  of  Jewry  from  ancient  times  of  establishing 
and  maintaining  their  own  tribal  community  (kahal)  within  the  framework  of  Christian 
society.  We  have  noted  also  that  as  the  Jew  was  driven  from  Western  Europe,  he 
brought  with  him  to  Poland  this  ancient  custom.  The  Kahal  was  an  established 
institution  in  Poland,  and  as  the  Jews  settled  within  the  Pale  they  set  up  these 
autonomous  communities  here  too. 

At  first  the  Imperial  government  recognized  the  autonomous  Kahal  organization 
permitting  them  to  raise  taxes  and  set  up  courts  of  law,  where  only  Jewish  litigants  were 
concerned.  In  addition  to  the  individual  communities,  there  were  district  Kahal 
organizations  which  at  first  were  permitted  to  assess  local  Jewish  communities  with 
taxes.  In  1786  these  privileges  were  drastically  curtailed  and  Jews  were  there  after 
obliged  to  appear  before  ordinary  courts  of  law  and  the  Kahal  organization  was 
restricted  to  matters  of  religious  and  social  nature.  Although  Jewish  propagandists  have 
complained  long  and  loudly  of  being  oppressed  by  the  Imperial  government,  it  is  a  fact 
that  up  until  1881  they  prospered  beyond  all  expectation.  Jewry  settled  in  the  Russian 
economy  like  a  swarm  of  locusts  in  a  field  of  new  corn.  Very  quickly  they  achieved  a 
monopoly  over  Russia's  liquor,  tobacco,  and  retail  industries.  Later  they  dominated  the 
professions  as  well.  Under  the  reign  of  Alexander  I  many  of  the  restrictions  against 
residence  beyond  the  Pale  of  Settlement  were  relaxed,  especially  for  the  artisan  and 
professional  classes.  A  determined  effort  was  made  to  establish  Jews  in  agriculture  and 
the  government  encouraged  at  every  opportunity  the  assimilation  of  Jews  into  Russian 
national  life. 

Nicholas  I 

Alexander's  successor,  Nicholas  I,  was  less  inclined  to  favor  Jewry,  and  in  fact  viewed 
their  inroads  into  the  Russian  economy  with  alarm.  He  was  much  hated  by  the  Jews. 
Prior  to  his  reign,  Alexander  I  had  allowed  any  male  Jew  the  privilege  of  escaping 
compulsory  military  duty  by  paying  a  special  draft-exemption  tax.  In  1827  Nicholas 
abolished  the  custom,  with  the  result  that  Jews  were  for  the  first  time  taken  into  the 
Imperial  armies ... 

In  1844  Nicholas  I  further  antagonized  Jewry  by  abolishing  the  institution  of  the  Kahal, 
and  in  that  same  year  he  prohibited  by  law  the  traditional  Jewish  garb,  specifying  that 
all  Jews  should,  except  on  ceremonial  occasions,  dress  in  conformity  with  Russian 
standards.  These  measures,  and  many  others  like  them,  were  aimed  at  facilitating  the 
assimilation  of  Jewry  into  Russian  life.  The  Tsarist  government  was  much  concerned  by 
the  Jew's  failure  to  become  Russianized,  and  viewed  with  extreme  hostility  the  ancient 
Jewish  custom  of  maintaining  a  separate  culture,  language,  mode  of  dress,  etc.— all  of 
which  contributed  to  keep  the  Jew  an  alien  in  the  land  of  his  residence.  It  is  to  this 
determination  to  "Russianize"  and  "civilize"  the  Jew  that  we  can  ascribe  the  unusual 
efforts  made  by  the  Imperial  government  to  provide  free  education  to  its  Jews.  In  1804 
all  schools  were  thrown  open  to  Jews  and  attendance  for  Jewish  children  was  made 
compulsory.  Compulsory  education  was  not  only  a  novelty  in  Russia,  but  in  any  country 


in  the  early  19th  century.  In  Russia  education  was  generally  reserved  for  a  privileged 
few,  and  even  as  late  as  1914  only  55%  of  her  gentile  population  had  been  inside  a 
school.  The  net  result  of  the  Imperial  government's  assimilation  program  was  that 
Russian  Jewry  became  the  best  educated  segment  in  Russia.  This  eventually  worked  to 
the  destruction  of  the  Tsarist  government ... 

The  reign  of  Alexander  II  marked  the  apex  of  Jewish  fortunes  in  Tsarist  Russia.  By  1880 
they  were  becoming  dominant  in  the  professions,  in  many  trades  and  industries,  and 
were  beginning  to  filter  into  government  in  increasing  numbers.  As  early  as  1861 
Alexander  II  had  permitted  Jewish  university  graduates  to  settle  and  hold  governmental 
positions  in  greater  Russia,  and  by  1879  apothecaries,  nurses,  midwives  dentists, 
distillers,  and  skilled  craftsmen  were  permitted  to  work  and  reside  throughout  the 
empire. 

Nevertheless  Russia's  Jews  were  increasingly  rebellious  over  the  remaining  restraints 
which  still  bound  the  greater  part  of  Russian  Jewry  to  the  Pale  of  Settlement,  and  which, 
to  some  extent  at  least,  restricted  their  commercial  activities.  Herein  lay  the  dilemma; 
the  Imperial  government  could  retain  certain  of  the  restrictions  against  the  Jews,  and  by 
doing  so  incur  their  undying  hostility,  or  it  could  remove  all  restraints  and  thus  pave  the 
way  for  Jewish  domination  over  every  phase  of  Russian  life.  Certainly  Alexander  viewed 
this  problem  with  increasing  concern  as  time  went  on.  Actually  it  was  a  problem  capable 
of  being  solved,  [sic] 

Alexander  II  lost  a  considerable  amount  of  his  enthusiasm  for  liberal  causes  after  an 
attempt  was  made  to  assassinate  him  in  1866.  He  dismissed  his  "liberal"  advisors  and 
from  that  time  on  displayed  an  inclination  toward  conservatism.  This  is  not  to  say  he 
became  anti-Jewish,  but  he  did  show  more  firmness  in  dealing  with  them.  In  1879  there 
was  another  attempt  on  his  life,  and  another  in  the  following  year  when  his  winter 
palace  was  blown  up.  In  1881  a  plot  hatched  in  the  home  of  the  Jewess,  Hesia  Helfman, 
was  successful.  Alexander  II  was  blown  up  and  so  ended  an  era. 

The  New  Policy 

The  reaction  to  the  assassination  of  Alexander  II  was  instantaneous  and  far  reaching. 
There  was  a  widespread  belief  in  and  out  of  the  government,  that  if  the  Jews  were 
dissatisfied  with  the  rule  of  Alexander  II— whom  the  crypto-Jew,  D'Israeli,  had 
described  as  "the  most  benevolent  prince  that  ever  ruled  Russia"— then  they  would  be 
satisfied  with  nothing  less  than  outright  domination  of  Russia. 

Up  to  1881  Russian  policy  had  consistently  been  directed  in  an  attempt  to  "Russianize" 
the  Jew,  preparatory  to  accepting  him  into  full  citizenship.  In  line  with  this  policy,  free 
and  compulsory  education  for  Jews  had  been  introduced,  repeated  attempts  had  been 
made  to  encourage  them  to  settle  on  farms,  and  special  efforts  had  been  made  to 
encourage  them  to  engage  in  the  crafts.  Now  Russian  policy  was  reversed.  Hereafter  it 
became  the  policy  of  the  Imperial  government  to  prevent  the  further  exploitation  of  the 
Russian  people  by  the  Jews.  Thus  began  the  death  struggle  between  Tsar  and  Jew. 


All  through  1881  there  was  widespread  anti -Jewish  rioting  all  over  the  empire.  Large 
numbers  of  Jews  who  had  been  permitted  to  settle  beyond  the  Pale  of  Settlement  were 
evicted.  In  May  of  1882  the  May  Laws  (Provisional  Rules  of  May  3, 1882)  were  imposed, 
thus  implementing  the  new  governmental  policy. 

The  May  Laws  shook  the  empire  to  its  foundations.  The  following  passage  is  taken  from 
Encyclopedia  Britannica  [page  76,  volume  2, 1947]: 

"The  Russian  May  Laws  were  the  most  conspicuous  legislative  monument  achieved  by 
modern  anti-Semitism  ...  Their  immediate  results  was  a  ruinous  commercial 
depression  which  was  felt  all  over  the  empire  and  which  prof oundly  affected  the 
national  credit.  The  Russian  minister  was  at  his  wit's  end  for  money.  Negotiations  for 
a  large  loan  were  entered  upon  with  the  house  of  Rothschild  and  a  preliminary 
contract  was  signed,  when ...  the  finance  minister  was  informed  that  unless  the 
persecutions  of  the  Jews  were  stopped  the  great  banking  house  would  be  compelled  to 
withdraw  from  the  operation  ...  In  this  way  anti-Semitism,  which  had  already  so 
profoundly  influenced  the  domestic  policies  of  Europe,  set  its  mark  on  the  international 
relations  of  the  powers,  for  it  was  the  urgent  need  of  the  Russian  treasury  quite  as 
much  as  the  termination  of  Prince  Bismarck's  secret  treaty  of  mutual  neutrality  which 
brought  about  the  Franco-Russian  alliance. " 

Thus,  within  a  period  of  92  years  (from  the  3rd  partition  to  1882)  the  Jews,  although 
constituting  only  4.2%  of  the  population,  had  been  able  to  entrench  themselves  so  well 
in  the  Russian  economy  that  the  nation  was  almost  bankrupted  in  the  attempt  to 
dislodge  them.  And,  as  we  have  seen,  the  nation's  international  credit  was  also  affected. 

After  1881  events  served  increasingly  to  sharpen  the  enmity  of  Jewry  toward  Tsarism. 
The  May  Laws  had  not  only  restricted  Jewish  economic  activity,  but  had  attempted— 
unsuccessfully,  as  we  shall  see— to  preserve  Russia's  cultural  integrity.  Hereafter  Jews 
were  permitted  to  attend  state-supported  schools  and  universities,  but  only  in  ratio  to 
their  population.  This  was  not  unreasonable  since  Russia's  schools  were  flooded  with 
Jewish  students  while  large  numbers  of  her  gentile  population  were  illiterate,  but  to  the 
Jews  this  represented  another  bitter  "persecution,"  and  all  the  world  was  acquainted 
with  the  enormity  of  this  new  crime  against  Jewry ... 

On  May  23rd  a  delegation  of  Jews  headed  by  Baron  Gunzberg  called  on  the  new  Tsar 
(Alexander  III)  to  protest  the  May  Laws  and  the  alleged  discrimination  against  Jewry. 
As  a  result  of  the  investigation  which  followed,  Tsar  Alexander  issued  an  edict  the 
following  Sept.  3rd,  a  part  of  which  is  given  here: 

"For  some  time  the  government  has  given  its  attention  to  the  Jews  and  to  their 
relations  to  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  empire,  with  a  view  of  ascertaining  the 
sad  condition  of  the  Christian  inhabitants  brought  about  by  the  conduct  of  the  Jews  in 
business  matters ... 

During  the  last  twenty  years  the  Jews  have  gradually  possessed  themselves  of  not  only 
every  trade  and  business  in  all  its  branches,  but  also  of  a  great  part  of  the  land  by 
buying  or  farming  it.  With  few  exceptions,  they  have  as  a  body  devoted  their  attention, 


not  to  enriching  or  benefiting  the  country,  but  to  defrauding  by  their  wiles  its 
inhabitants,  and  particularly  its  poor  inhabitants.  This  conduct  of  theirs  has  called 
forth  protests  on  the  part  of  the  people,  as  manifested  in  acts  of  violence  and  robbery. 
The  government,  while  on  the  one  hand  doing  its  best  to  put  down  the  disturbances, 
and  to  deliver  the  Jews  from  oppression  and  slaughter,  have  also,  on  the  other  hand, 
thought  it  a  matter  of  urgency  and  justice  to  adopt  stringent  measures  in  order  to  put 
an  end  to  the  oppression  practised  by  the  Jews  on  the  inhabitants,  and  to  free  the 
country  from  their  malpractices,  which  were,  as  is  known,  the  cause  of  the  agitations." 

[Russia  and  Turkey  in  the  19th  Century  by  E.  W.  Latimer,  page  332.  A.  C.  McClury  & 
Co.,  1895.] 

It  was  in  this  atmosphere  that  the  twin  movements  of  Marxism  and  Zionism  began  to 
take  hold  and  dominate  the  mass  of  Russian  Jewry.  Ironically,  both  Zionism  and 
Marxism  were  first  promulgated  by  westernized  German  Jews.  Zionism,  whose  chief 
advocate  was  Theodore  Herzl,  took  root  in  Russia  in  the  1880s  in  competition  with 
Marxism,  whose  high  priest  was  Karl  Marx,  grandson  of  a  rabbi ...  Eventually  every 
Russian  Jew  came  to  identify  himself  with  either  one  or  the  other  of  these  movements. 

THE  TERROR  SECTION 

Six  Assassinated 

As  an  outgrowth  of  this  political  fermentation,  there  appeared  at  the  beginning  of  the 
century  one  of  the  most  remarkable  terroristic  organizations  ever  recorded  in  the  annals 
of  history.  This  was  the  Jewish  dominated  Social  Revolutionary  Party,  which 
between  1901  and  1906  was  responsible  for  the  assassination  of  no  less  than  six  first 
ranking  leaders  of  the  Imperial  government,  including  Minister  of  Education  Bogolepov 
(1901);  Minister  of  Interior  Sipyagin  (1902);  Governor  of  Ufa,  Bogdanovich  (1903); 
Premier  Viachelav  von  Plehve  (1904);  Grand  Duke  Sergei,  uncle  of  the  Tsar  (1905);  and 
General  Dubrassov,  who  had  suppressed  the  Moscow  insurrection  (1906). 

Chief  architect  of  these  terroristic  activities  was  the  Jew,  Gershuni,  who  headed  the 
"terror  section"  of  the  Social  Revolutionary  Party.  In  charge  of  the  "fighting  section"  was 
Yevno  Azev,  son  of  a  Jewish  tailor,  and  one  of  the  principal  founders  of  the  party. 

Azev  later  plotted,  but  was  unable  to  carry  out,  the  assassination  of  Tsar  Nicholas  II.  He 
was  executed  in  1909  and  Gershuni  was  sentenced  to  life  imprisonment.  This  marked 
the  end  of  the  terroristic  activities  of  the  party,  but  the  effect  of  these  political  murders 
was  far  reaching.  Never  again  was  the  royal  family,  or  its  ministers  free  from  the  fear  of 
assassination.  Soon  another  prime  minister  would  be  shot  down— this  time  in  the  very 
presence  of  the  Tsar.  This  was  the  backdrop  for  the  revolution  of  1905. 

BLOODY  SUNDAY 

The  revolution  of  1905,  like  that  of  1917,  occurred  in  an  atmosphere  of  war.  On  Jan.  2nd, 
1905,  the  Japanese  captured  Port  Arthur,  and  thereby  won  the  decisive  victory  of  the 


[Russo-Japanese  -  RW]  war.  Later  in  January  there  occurred  a  tragic  incident  which  was 
the  immediate  cause  of  the  1905  revolution,  and  which  was  to  affect  the  attitude  of 
Russia's  industrial  population  toward  the  Tsar  for  all  time.  This  was  the  "Bloody 
Sunday"  affair. 

The  Imperial  government,  in  its  attempts  to  gain  the  favor  of  the  industrial  population, 
and  in  its  search  for  a  way  to  combat  Jewish  revolutionary  activity,  had  adopted  the 
tactic  of  encouraging  the  formation  of  legal  trade  unions,  to  which  professional  agitators 
were  denied  membership.  These  trade  unions  received  official  recognition  and  were 
protected  by  law. 

Father  Gapon 

One  of  the  most  outstanding  trade  union  leaders— and  certainly  the  most  unusual— was 
Father  Gapon,  a  priest  in  the  Russian  Orthodox  Church.  On  the  day  Port  Arthur  fell  a 
number  of  clashes  occurred  in  Petersberg's  giant  Putilov  works  between  members  of 
Father  Gapon's  labor  organization  and  company  officials.  A  few  days  later  the  Putilov 
workers  went  on  strike. 

Father  Gapon  resolved  to  take  the  matter  directly  to  the  Tsar.  On  the  following  Sunday 
thousands  of  Petersberg's  workmen  and  their  families  turned  out  to  participate  in  this 
appeal  to  the  "little  father".  The  procession  was  entirely  orderly  and  peaceful  and  the 
petitioners  carried  patriotic  banners  expressing  loyalty  to  the  crown.  At  the  palace  gate 
the  procession  was  met  by  a  flaming  volley  of  rifle  fire.  Hundreds  of  workmen  and 
members  of  their  families  were  slaughtered.  This  was  "Bloody  Sunday",  certainly  one  of 
the  blackest  days  in  Tsarist  history. 

Was  Tsar  Nicholas  II  responsible  for  Bloody  Sunday,  as  Marxist  propagandists  have 
claimed?  He  couldn't  have  been  because  he  was  out  of  the  city  at  the  time.  Father  Gapon 
had  marched  on  an  empty  palace.  But  the  harm  had  been  done. ... 

Revolution  of  1905 

Bloody  Sunday  marked  the  beginning  of  the  1905  revolution.  For  the  first  time  the 
Jewish-Marxists  were  joined  by  large  numbers  of  the  working  class.  Bloody  Sunday 
delivered  Russia's  industrial  population  into  the  hands  of  the  Jew-dominated 
revolutionary  movement. 

A  strike  broke  out  in  Lodz  in  late  January,  and  by  June  22nd  this  developed  into  an 
armed  insurrection  in  which  2000  were  killed.  The  Tsar  acted  at  once  to  recover  the 
situation.  In  early  February  he  ordered  an  investigation  (by  the  Shidlovsky  Commission) 
into  the  causes  of  unrest  among  the  Petersberg  workers,  and  later  in  the  year  (August) 
he  announced  provisions  for  establishing  a  legislature  which  later  came  to  be  the  Duma. 
Not  only  that  but  he  offered  amnesty  to  political  offenders,  under  which,  incidentally, 
Lenin  returned  to  Russia.  But  these  attempts  failed. 


On  October  20th  the  Jewish  Menshevik-led  Ail-Russian  Railway  union  went  on  strike. 
On  the  21st  a  general  strike  was  called  in  Petersberg,  and  on  the  25th  there  were  general 
strikes  in  Moscow,  Smolensk,  Kursk,  and  other  cities. 

PETERSBERG  SOVIET 

Trotzky  in  Power 

On  October  26th  the  revolutionary  Petersberg  Soviet  was  founded.  This  Petersberg 
Soviet  assumed  the  functions  of  a  national  government.  It  issued  decrees,  proclaimed  an 
eight  hour  day,  freedom  of  the  press,  and  otherwise  exercised  the  prerogatives  of  a 
government. 

From  the  very  beginning  the  Soviet  was  dominated  by  the  Menshevik  faction  of  the 
Russian  Social-Democratic  Labor  Party,  although  the  Social  Revolutionary 

Party  was  also  represented.  Its  first  president  was  the  Menshevik,  Zborovski,  who  was 
succeeded  by  Georgii  Nosar.  He  in  turn  was  succeeded  by  Lev  Trotzky,  who  chiefly  as  a 
result  of  the  prestige  gained  in  1905,  became  one  of  the  guiding  spirits  of  the  October 
revolution  in  1917. 

Trotzky  became  president  of  the  Petersberg  Soviet  on  Dec.  9th,  and  a  week  later  some 
300  members  of  the  Soviet,  including  Trotzky,  were  arrested.  The  revolution  was 
almost,  but  not  quite  over. 

Parvus 

On  Dec.  20th  the  Jew,  Parvus,  assumed  control  of  a  new  executive  committee  of  the 
Soviet  and  organized  a  general  strike  in  Petersberg  which  involved  90,000  workers.  The 
next  day  150,000  workers  went  on  strike  in  Moscow,  and  there  were  insurrections  in 
Chita,  Kansk,  and  Rostov.  But  within  a  week  the  government  had  gained  the  upper  hand 
and  by  the  30th  of  December  the  revolution  was  over. 

After  1905 

As  an  outcome  of  the  1905  revolution,  Tsar  Nicholas  II  set  about  remedying  the 
shortcomings  of  his  regime  in  a  most  commendable  manner.  At  his  decree,  Russia  was 
given  representative  government  and  a  constitution.  An  elective  legislative— the  Duma- 
was  established,  and  free  elections  were  held.  By  these  measures  and  others  which 
followed,  Russia  seemed  well  on  the  way  to  becoming  a  constitutional  monarchy 
patterned  after  the  western  European  model,  and  as  a  point  of  fact  it  was  only  the 
outbreak  of  World  War  I  which  prevented  this  from  becoming  a  reality. 

As  would  be  expected,  the  Jewish  revolutionary  parties  bitterly  opposed  these  reforms, 
looking  on  them  as  merely  a  device  by  which  the  forces  of  revolution  would  be 
dissipated.  Actually  these  measures  did  succeed  in  pacifying  the  Russian  masses,  and 
the  years  between  1905  and  1914  were  ones  of  comparative  quiet  and  progress.  No  man 
deserves  more  credit  for  this  state  of  affairs  than  Premier  Peter  Arkadyevich  Stolypin, 


who  in  the  year  following  the  1905  revolt  emerged  as  the  most  impressive  figure  in 
Imperial  Russia. 

From  1906  to  1911  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  he  dominated  Russian  politics.  It  was 
he  who  gave  Russia  the  famed  "Stolypin  Constitution,"  which  among  other  things 
undertook  to  guarantee  the  civil  rights  of  the  peasantry,  which  constituted  85%  of 
Russia's  population.  His  land  reforms,  for  which  he  is  most  famous,  not  only  gave  the 
peasant  the  right  to  own  land,  but  actually  financed  the  purchase  with  government 
loans.  Stolypin  was  determined  to  give  the  peasant  a  stake  in  capitalism,  believing  that 
"the  natural  counterweight  of  the  communal  principal  is  individual  ownership." 

Were  the  Stolypin  land  reforms  effective?  Bertram  Wolfe,  who  is  on  all  points  anti- 
Tsarist  and  pro-revolutionary,  has  this  to  say  [Three  Who  Made  a  Revolution,  page  360, 
by  Bertram  Wolfe,  Dial  Press,  New  York,  1948] 

"Between  1907  and  1914,  under  the  Stolypin  land  reform  laws,  2,000,000  peasant 
families  seceded  from  the  village  mir  and  became  individual  proprietors.  All  through 
the  war  the  movement  continued,  so  that  by  Jan.  1, 1916,  6,200,000  peasant  families, 
out  of  approximately  16,000,000  eligible,  had  made  application  for  separation.  Lenin 
saw  the  matter  as  a  race  with  time  between  Stoly pin's  reforms  and  the  next  upheaval. 
Should  an  upheaval  be  postponed  for  a  couple  of  decades,  the  new  land  measures 
would  so  transform  the  countryside  that  it  would  no  longer  be  a  revolutionary  force. 
How  near  Lenin  came  to  losing  the  race  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  in  1917,  when  he 
called  on  the  peasants  to  "take  the  land, "  they  already  owned  more  than  three-fourths 
of it." 

Russian  Jewry  wanted  revolution,  not  reform.  As  early  as  1906  an  attempt  had  been 
made  to  assassinate  Premier  Stolypin  when  his  country  house  was  destroyed  by  a  bomb. 
Finally  in  Sept.  of  1911  the  best  premier  Russia  ever  had  was  shot  down  in  cold  blood 
while  attending  a  gala  affair  at  the  Kiev  theatre.  The  assassin  was  a  Jewish  lawyer 
named  Mordecai  Bogrov.  Thus  it  was  that  Russia  had  since  1902  lost  two  premiers  to 
Jewish  assassins. 

Many  of  Stolypin's  reforms  were  carried  out  after  his  death.  In  1912  an  industrial 
insurance  law  was  inaugurated  which  gave  all  industrial  workmen  sickness  and  accident 
compensation  to  the  extent  of  two-thirds  and  three-fourths  of  their  regular  pay.  For  the 
first  time  the  newspapers  of  the  revolutionary  parties  were  given  legal  status.  Public 
schools  were  expanded  and  the  election  laws  were  revised.  In  1913  a  general  amnesty  for 
all  political  prisoners  was  given.  Not  even  the  severest  critic  of  Tsarism  can  deny  that 
these  measures  represented  a  sincere  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  Imperial  government  to 
bring  about  reform.  Why  in  spite  of  all  this,  was  the  Tsar  overthrown? 

World  War  I 

One  of  the  chief  factors  contributing  to  the  destruction  of  the  Imperial  government  was 
the  onset  of  World  War  I.  Before  the  war  the  Imperial  military  establishment  had 
contained  perhaps  1,500,000  professional  troops,  well  trained  and  loyal  to  the  crown, ... 


"but  by  1917  the  regular  army  was  gone.  Its  losses  for  the  first  ten  months  of  the  war 
were  reckoned  as  3,800,000,  or,  to  take  the  reckoning  of  the  Quartermaster-General, 
Danilov,  300,000  a  month  and  the  officers,  who  went  into  action  standing,  while 
commanding  their  men  to  crawl,  were  falling  at  twice  the  rate  of  the  men." 

[Russia,  page  41,  by  Bernard  Pares,  New  American  Library,  New  York,  revised  1949.] 

Altogether  18  million  men  were  called  to  the  colors,  most  of  whom  were  conscripted 
from  the  peasantry.  Although  courageous  in  battle  they  proved  politically  unreliable  and 
were  easily  incited  by  agitators. 

Large  numbers  of  the  industrial  population  were  also  drafted  into  the  armies,  and  their 
places  were  taken  by  peasants,  fresh  out  of  the  country.  As  a  result,  Russia's  principal 
cities  came  to  be  populated  by  a  working  class  which  was  peasant  in  origin  and  habit  of 
thinking,  but  which  lacked  the  conservatism  and  stability  which  seems  to  go  with  tenure 
of  the  land.  This  new  proletariat  was  in  reality  an  uprooted  and  landless  peasantry, 
poorly  adjusted  to  city  life,  and  easily  stirred  up  by  propagandists. 

Now— It  should  be  remembered  that  the  Russian  revolution  was  carried  out  by  a  handful 
of  revolutionaries  operating  mainly  in  the  larger  cities.  While  something  like  85%  of 
Russia's  gentile  population  was  rural,  these  country  people  took  virtually  no  part  in  the 
revolt.  Conversely  only  2.4%  of  the  Jewish  population  was  actually  situated  on  the 
farms;  the  great  majority  of  the  Jews  were  congregated  in  the  cities.  Says  the  Universal 
Jewish  Encyclopedia:  [page  285,  vol.  9,  Universal  Jewish  Encyclopedia,  Inc.,  New  York, 
1939] 

"...  it  must  be  noted  that  the  Jews  lived  almost  exclusively  in  the  cities  and  towns;  in 
Russia's  urban  population  the  Jews  constituted  11%.  Two  additional  factors  are  taken 
into  consideration.  On  the  one  hand  the  rural  population  took  practically  no  part  in 
political  activities,  and  on  the  other  there  was  virtually  no  illiteracy  among  the 
Russian  Jews. " 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  Jews  represented  a  substantial  portion  of  Russia's  educated 
class.  Not  only  that,  but  the  overwhelming  majority  of  Russia's  professional  class  were 
Jews.  So  complete  was  the  Jewish  domination  of  the  professions  that  only  one  out  of 
eight  of  Russia's  professional  people  were  gentile.  In  other  words,  the  Jews,  who 
constituted  4.2%  of  Russia's  pre-war  population  comprised  something  like  87%  of  its 
professional  class. 

The  Evacuations 

Also  significant  was  the  fact  that  the  theatre  of  war  was  situated  in  those  areas  most 
heavily  populated  by  Jews.  By  1914,  it  should  be  remembered,  Russia's  Jewish 
population  was  nearing  the  seven  million  mark.  (The  exact  figure  given  in  the  Universal 
Jewish  Encyclopedia  is  6,946,000).  A  substantial  number  of  these  resided  in  Russian- 
Poland,  which  was  a  war  zone.  The  majority  of  these  Jews,  out  of  hatred  for  the  Tsarist 
regime,  were  inclined  to  favor  a  German  victory.  As  a  result,  the  Imperial  high  command 


was  compelled  to  remove  all  Jews  from  the  war  area  in  the  early  part  of  1915.  In  May  of 
1915,  for  example,  the  supreme  command  expelled  all  Jewish  residents  from  the 
provinces  of  Courland  and  Grodno.  Altogether,  nearly  a  half  million  Jews  were  forced  to 
leave  their  homes  in  the  military  zone.  These  expellees  were  at  first  required  to  remain 
within  the  Pale  of  Settlement,  but  in  August  of  1915  they  were  permitted  to  settle  in  all 
cities  in  the  empire.  Thus  it  was  that  as  the  war  progressed  a  flood  of  Tsar-hating  Jews 
began  infiltrating  the  cities  beyond  the  Pale  ... 

REVOLUTION 

The  revolution  occurred  in  March  of  1917,  in  St.  Petersberg,  capital  city  of  the 
Romanovs.  From  beginning  to  end  the  revolt  involved  an  amazingly  small  number  of 
people  when  we  consider  that  the  fate  of  150  million  Russians  was  at  stake.  The  revolt 
came,  as  we  have  tried  to  indicate,  because  of  Jewish  unrest,  because  of  Jewry's 
dissatisfaction,  and  above  all,  because  of  Jewry's  determination  to  destroy  Tsarism.  By 
the  Spring  of  1917  Russia's  unstable  urban  population  had  been  thoroughly  poisoned  by 
this  dissatisfaction.  A  food  shortage  in  Petersberg  fanned  this  dissatisfaction  into  the 
flame  of  revolution. 

St.  Petersberg  in  the  third  year  of  World  War  I  was  Russia's  chief  armaments  production 
center,  and  by  reason  of  this  possessed  the  largest  industrial  population  of  any  city  in 
Russia.  It  also  had  the  largest  Jewish  population  of  any  city  outside  the  Pale  of 
Settlement.  By  March,  1917,  a  breakdown  in  the  Russian  transportation  system  resulted 
in  a  severe  food  shortage  in  the  city.  At  the  same  time,  many  of  the  city's  factories  began 
shutting  down  due  to  material  shortages.  Both  of  these  factors  were  extremely 
important  in  the  days  immediately  ahead. 

The  desperate  food  shortage  affected  virtually  every  family  in  the  city.  Furthermore,  the 
enforced  idleness  of  the  working  population— due  to  factory  shutdowns— threw  vast 
numbers  of  workmen  onto  the  streets.  Given  here  is  a  day  by  day  account  of  the  events 
which  resulted  in  the  overthrow  of  the  Tsar  and  the  establishment  of  the  Provisional 
Government: 

March  5th:  It  was  evident  by  this  time— even  to  foreign  visitors— that  trouble  was 
brewing.  Bread  lines  were  growing  day  by  day,  and  factory  workmen  began  to  appear  on 
the  streets  in  large  numbers.  During  the  day  the  police  began  mounting  machine  guns  in 
strategic  places  throughout  the  city. 

March  6th:  The  government  brought  a  large  number  of  Cossack  troops  into  the  city  in 
anticipation  of  trouble.  Revolution  was  now  freely  predicted,  and  many  of  the  shops  in 
expectation  of  this  began  boarding  up  windows.  The  few  remaining  factories  were  closed 
by  strikes  and  the  police  mounted  more  machine  guns.  The  Tsar,  who  was  visiting  the 
troops  at  the  front,  still  had  not  returned  to  the  city.  The  Duma  remained  in  session. 

March  8th:  Crowds  of  women  began  a  series  of  street  demonstrations  in  protest  over 
the  bread  shortage.  Agitators,  many  of  whom  were  veterans  of  the  1905  revolution, 
began  to  take  charge  and  organize  diversionary  demonstrations.  Here  and  there  the 


crowds  sang  the  "Marseillaise"— regarded  in  Russia  as  a  revolutionary  song.  A  number 
of  red  flags  appeared.  At  the  corner  of  Nevsky  Prospekt  and  the  Catherine  Canal 
mounted  police,  aided  by  Cossack  cavalry,  dispersed  the  crowds.  There  were  no 
casualties.  Significantly,  however,  the  crowds  had  raised  the  red  flag  of  revolution 
without  being  fired  on. 

March  9th:  The  Nevsky  from  Catherine  Canal  to  Nicolai  Station  was  jammed  from 
early  morning  with  crowds,  which  were  larger  and  bolder  than  on  the  preceding  day. 
Streetcars  were  no  longer  running.  The  Cossack  cavalry,  under  orders  to  keep  the 
Nevsky  clear  of  demonstrators,  repeatedly  charged  the  mobs,  and  a  few  people  were 
trampled.  But  it  was  observed  that  the  cavalrymen  used  only  the  flats  of  their  sabers, 
and  at  no  time  used  frre  arms.  This  encouraged  the  mob,  which  held  the  Cossacks  in 
dread.  Meanwhile,  agitators  were  constantly  at  work. 

March  10th:  During  the  afternoon  huge  crowds  collected  around  Nicholai  [sic] 
Station.  An  American  photographer,  Donald  Thompson,  has  described  in  vivid  fashion 
the  scene  there  [Donald  Thompson  in  Russia,  page  54,  by  Donald  Thompson,  Century 
Co..  New  York,  1918]: 

"About  two  o  'clock  a  man  richly  dressed  in  furs  came  up  to  the  square  in  a  sleigh  and 
ordered  his  driver  to  go  through  the  crowd,  which  by  this  time  was  in  a  very  ugly 
mood,  although  it  seemed  to  be  inclined  to  make  way  for  him.  He  was  impatient  and 
probably  cold  and  started  an  argument.  All  Russians  must  have  their  argument.  Well, 
he  misjudged  this  crowd,  and  also  misjudged  the  condition  in  Petrograd.  I  was  within 
150  feet  of  this  scene.  He  was  dragged  out  of  his  sleigh  and  beaten.  He  took  refuge  in  a 
stalled  street  car  where  he  was  followed  by  the  workingmen.  One  of  them  took  a  small 
iron  bar  and  beat  his  head  to  a  pulp.  This  seemed  to  give  the  mob  a  taste  for  blood. 
Immediately  I  was  pushed  along  in  front  of  the  crowd  which  surged  down  the  Nevsky 
and  began  smashing  windows  and  creating  general  disorder.  Many  of  the  men  carried 
red  flags  on  sticks.  The  shops  along  the  Nevsky,  or  most  of  them,  are  protected  by 
heavy  iron  shutters.  Those  that  were  not  had  their  windows  smashed.  I  noticed  about 
this  time  that  ambulances  were  coming  and  going  on  the  side  streets.  There  were 
usually  three  or  four  people  lying  in  each  one. " 

The  disorder  now  became  general.  The  mobs  turned  their  fury  on  the  police,  who 
barricaded  themselves  for  a  desperate  last  stand  in  the  police  stations.  There  they  were 
slaughtered  almost  to  the  last  man,  and  the  prisons  were  emptied  of  their  entire 
populations,  including  desperate  criminals  of  every  category. 

March  11th:  Widespread  rioting  continued  on  the  11th.  Added  to  the  terror  of 
revolution  were  the  degradations  of  the  recently  liberated  criminal  population.  During 
the  day  the  Duma  sent  the  following  urgent  message  to  the  Tsar,  now  entrained  for 
Petersberg: 

"The  situation  is  serious.  There  is  anarchy  in  the  capital.  The  government  is  paralyzed. 
The  situation  as  regards  transportation,  and  supplies,  and  fuel  has  reached  a  state  of 
complete  disorganization.  Police  dissatisfaction  is  growing.  Disorderly  shooting  is 


taking  place  in  the  streets.  Different  sections  of  the  troops  are  shooting  at  each  other.  It 
is  necessary  immediately  to  entrust  a  person  who  has  the  confidence  of  the  country 
with  the  creation  of  a  new  government." 

The  Tsar's  reaction  was  tragically  out  of  keeping  with  the  reality  of  the  situation.  It  is 
doubtful  that  he  even  had  an  inkling  of  what  was  really  transpiring.  His  reaction  was  to 
command  the  dissolution  of  the  Duma.  The  overwhelming  majority  of  the  Duma's 
membership,— loyal  to  the  Tsar— obeyed  his  command,  with  the  result  that  the  last 
vestige  of  governmental  authority  ceased  to  exist  in  the  capital. 

March  12th:  The  president  of  the  dissolved  Duma  sent  this  last  despairing  message  to 
the  Tsar:  "The  situation  is  becoming  worse.  Immediate  means  must  be  taken,  for 
tomorrow  it  will  be  too  late.  The  last  hour  has  struck  and  the  fate  of  the  fatherland  and 
the  dynasty  is  being  decided."  Tsar  Nicholas  II  may  never  have  received  the  message:  in 
any  event  he  did  not  reply.  And  indeed,  the  hour  was  late. . . 

At  1:00  A.M.  on  the  morning  of  the  12th  one  of  the  regiments  (the  Volynski)  revolted, 
killing  its  officers.  By  11  A.M.  six  regiments  had  revolted.  At  11:30  A.M.  the  garrison  of 
the  Peter  and  Paul  fortress  surrendered  and  joined  the  revolution.  The  only  section  of 
the  city  which  now  remained  under  governmental  control  was  the  War  Office,  the 
Admiralty  Building,  and  St.  Isaac's  Cathedral.  The  revolution  was  now  an  accomplished 
fact.  Four  days  later,  on  the  16th,  the  Tsar,  whose  train  never  reached  Petersberg, 
abdicated.  The  closing  words  of  his  written  abdication  announcement  were:  "May  God 
have  mercy  on  Russia".  And  before  a  year  had  passed,  these  words  had  been  echoed 
many,  many  times ... 

The  12th  of  March  marked  the  formation  of  two  governing  bodies  which  were  to  jointly 
rule  Russia  for  the  next  8  months.  The  first  of  these  was  the  Provisional  Committee  of 
the  Duma,  consisting  of  12  members  headed  by  Prince  Lvow.  This  group  served  as  the 
Provisional  Government  until  overthrown  in  October  by  the  Bolsheviks.  At  all  times, 
however,  it  governed  by  the  sufferance  of  the  Petersberg  Soviet,  which  was  the  second 
body  organized  on  the  12th. 

This  Petersberg  Soviet  was  in  reality  dominated  by  the  Menshevik  and  Bolshevik 
factions  of  the  Russian  Social  Democratic  Labor  Party,  of  whom  the  Mensheviks  were  by 
far  the  most  powerful.  A  second  party,  the  Social  Revolutionary  Party,  was  a  minority 
party. 

Eventually,  as  we  shall  see,  the  Bolshevik  faction  gained  control  over  the  Petersberg 
Soviet,  and  having  done  so,  at  once  precipitated  the  October  Revolution  and  established 
the  regime  which  is  still  in  power.  To  better  understand  these  events,  it  is  necessary  that 
we  trace  the  history  of  these  Mensheviks  and  Bolsheviks  and  their  Russian  Social 
Democratic  Labor  Party. 


HISTORY  OF  BOLSHEVISM 

We  must  for  the  moment  turn  our  attention  to  a  group  of  revolutionary  exiles  who  are 
important  to  this  story  because  they  and  their  disciples  eventually  became  the  rulers  of 
Communist  Russia.  Head  of  this  group,  and  the  man  who  is  generally  recognized  as 
Lenin's  teacher,  was  George  Plekhanov,  a  gentile. 

Plekhanov  had  fled  Russia  in  the  1880s  and  settled  in  Switzerland.  There  with  the  aid  of 
Vera  Zasulich,  Leo  Deutch,  and  P.  Axelrod— all  Jews— he  had  formed  the  Marxist 
"Group  for  the  Emancipation  of  Labor",  and  until  1901  was  recognized  as  the  leader  of 
the  group. 

Although  Plekanov  was  himself  a  gentile,  those  around  him  were,  with  a  few  exceptions, 
Jewish.  One  of  the  exceptions  was  Lenin,  who  first  became  a  disciple  of  Plekanov,  and 
later  a  competitor. 

Lenin 

Lenin  (real  name  Vladimir  Ilyich  Ulyanov)  was  born  on  the  banks  of  the  Volga  in  the 
provincial  city  of  Simbirsk,  in  1870.  He  was  born  to  a  station  of  comparative  privilege, 
being  the  son  of  a  government  official  whose  title  of  "Actual  State  Counselor"  carried 
with  it  the  privilege  of  hereditary  nobility.  Lenin's  father  did  not  himself  inherit  the  title, 
but  acquired  it  as  a  reward  of  service  as  a  school  supervisor. 

By  every  rule,  "Lenin"  should  have  become  a  respected  member  of  Russian  society.  He 
was  of  middle  class  background,  was  university  educated,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
practice  of  law.  That  he  did  not  do  so  can  be  ascribed  in  part  to  the  fate  of  his  older 
brother,  Alexander,  who  in  1887  was  executed  for  participating  in  an  attempt  on  the  life 
of  Tsar  Alexander  II.  This  is  said  to  have  influenced  Lenin  to  take  up  the  career  of  a 
professional  revolutionary. 

In  any  event  the  year  of  1895  finds  young  Lenin— then  25— meeting  in  Switzerland  with 
the  leaders  of  the  "Group  for  the  Emancipation  of  Labor".  Shortly  thereafter  he  returned 
to  Russia  in  the  company  of  young  Julius  Martov  (Tsederbaum),  a  Jew  who  had  already 
become  prominent  as  an  agitator  in  the  Pale  of  Settlement,  and  who  was  one  day  to 
become  the  leader  of  the  Menshevik  faction.  Their  purpose  was  to  raise  funds  for 
revolutionary  activity. 

In  Petersberg  they  became  involved  in  a  series  of  strikes  which  swept  the  city  in  1895, 
and  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  Lenin,  Martov,  and  a  number  of  others  were 
convicted  and  sent  to  prison  for  revolutionary  activity. 

In  February  of  1897  Lenin  completed  his  prison  term  and  began  his  period  of  exile  in 
Siberia.  He  was  permitted  to  travel  to  Siberia  at  his  own  expense  and  he  took  with  him 
his  Jewish  wife,  Krupskaya  and  her  Yiddish  speaking  mother. 


It  should  be  explained  that,  contrary  to  popular  belief,  political  exiles— unless  convicted 
of  a  criminal  act— were  not  imprisoned  in  Siberia;  rather  they  were  paroled  there.  In 
exile  the  government  provided  a  pension,  sufficient  usually  to  maintain  an  existence.  To 
supplement  this,  the  exile  sometimes  sought  local  employment  (Trotzky  worked  as  a 
bookkeeper)  or  they  got  funds  from  friends  and  family.  Lenin  received  a  government 
allowance  of  7  rubles  40  kopeks  monthly,  '"enough  to  pay  for  room,  board  and  laundry." 
[Lenin  (abridgement  by  Donald  P.  Geddes),  page  26,  by  David  Shub,  New  American 
Library,  1950  (Mentor  Books).] 

While  in  Siberian  exile  Lenin,  Martov,  and  an  accomplice  Potresov,  formulated  the  idea 
of  an  "All  Russian  Newspaper"  which  would  serve  to  combine  the  thought  and  energies 
of  the  entire  revolutionary  movement.  The  Marxists  in  1900,  as  at  all  times  in  the  future 
were  divided  and  subdivided  into  a  great  many  factions.  Lenin's  idea  was  to  weld  these 
various  factions  into  a  single  organization. 


Iskra 

In  February  of  1900  Lenin  was 
released  from  exile  and  applied  for, 
and  got,  permission  to  go  to 
Switzerland.  In  Geneva  he  joined 
the  "Group  for  the  Emancipation  of 
Labor",  and  in  December  the 
Group  began  the  publication  of 
Iskra  (The  Spark).  The 
establishment  of  Iskra  marked  the 
beginning  of  Russian  Marxism  as 
an  organized  movement,  and  the 
beginning  of  Lenin's  role  as  a  party 
leader. 


w: 


J-lfcl*ll*,TJ|Tl,?FCi:.I.H 


■-i  mi  -kT 


.A  flu 


7;:-~r~z 


UiOStt  GHHldHiinjucfl  nanirii 

■H^HHI  IH  U  KimjSl    J .XI- 


Communism  as  an  organized  movement  began  with  the 
publishing  of  ISKRA  (The  Spark)  in  December  of  1900.  Three 
years  later,  in  1903,  the  "Iskrists"  joined  with  the  Polish 
Social  Democrats,  the  Jewish  Bund,  and  others,  to  form  the 
Russian  Social-Democratic  Labor  Party  (which  later  changed 
its  name  to  the  Communist  Party).  ISKRA,  like  every  other 
Communist  publication  which  followed,  was  mainly  edited 
and  controlled  by  Jews. 


The  editorial  board  consisted  of  the 

"oldsters",  Plekhanov,  Zasulich, 

Axelrod,  and  their  disciples,  Lenin, 

Potresov,  and  Martov.  Lenin's 

Jewish  wife,  Krupsakaya,  was  the 

board's  secretary.  Later,  in  1902,  young  Trotzky  (Bronstein)  joined  the  editorial  board, 

but  without  voting  privileges.  Four  of  the  above— Martov,  Axelrod,  Zasulich,  and 

Trotzky— were  Jews,  while  Plekhanov,  Lenin,  and  Potresov  were  gentile.  The  editorial 

board  thus  contained  four  Jews  and  three  gentiles,  but  since  Trotzky  was  without  vote, 

and  since  Plekhanov  had  retained  two  votes,  the  voting  strength  was  exactly  reversed, 

with  the  Jews  having  3  votes  to  the  gentile's  four. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  editorial  contributions  of  the  first  45  editions  of  Iskra.  The 
largest  number  of  articles  was  written  by  Martov,  who  contributed  39.  Next  was  Lenin, 
who  wrote  32  articles,  followed  by  Plekhanov  with  24,  Petresov  with  8,  Zasulich  with  6, 
and  Axelrod  with  4.  In  addition,  articles  were  written  by  Parvus,  Trotzky,  and  Rosa 


Luxemburg,  all  of  whom  were  Jewish.  It  is  worth  recording  that  the  only  other 
revolutionary  paper  in  existence  at  this  time  was  "Rabochee  Delo"  (Workers  Cause), 
organ  of  the  "Economist"  faction,  of  whom  the  Jew,  Theodore  Dan  was  the  editor. 

Iskra  was  actually  printed  in  Munich,  Germany.  For  a  time  the  editorial  board  met  in 
London,  but  in  1903  it  was  moved  back  to  Geneva.  From  there  copies  of  Iskra  were 
smuggled  into  Russia  by  ship  and  courier.  In  this  way  Iskra  built  up  an  underground 
organization  of  professional  revolutionaries,  first  known  as  "Iskrists",  and  later  as 
Bolsheviks  and  Mensheviks.  In  Switzerland  Axelrod  eked  out  an  existence  by  peddling 
yogurt,  and  Plekhanov  is  said  to  have  addressed  letters  for  an  income.  But  the  founders 
and  leaders  of  communism  were  not  proletarians.  Almost  without  exception  they  were 
highly  educated  Jewish  intellectuals,  few  of  whom  had  ever  performed  a  useful  day's 
labor. 

Unification  Congress 

In  1903  a  Unification  Congress  convened  in  Brussels,  Belgium.  Its  purpose  was  to  unite 
the  various  Marxists  groups  into  the  Russian  Social-Democratic  Labor  Party,  which 
technically  had  been  formed  in  1898,  but  which  had  failed  to  bring  unity. 

Altogether,  60  voting  delegates  attended,  four  of  whom  were,  or  had  been,  workers.  The 
rest  were  mostly  Jewish  intellectuals.  Represented  were  the  groups  which  had  formed 
the  party  in  1898:  The  Jewish  Bund,  the  Georgian  Social  Democrats,  Rosa  Luxemburg's 
Polish  Social  democrats,  and  the  Group  for  the  Emancipation  of  Labor,  now  identified 
as  "Iskrists".  The  Maximalist's  newspaper,  "Rabochee  Delo"  was  also  represented  by  3 
delegates.  These  groups,  their  leaders,  and  their  disciples,  made  the  revolution  of  1917. 
Here,  Communism  as  we  know  it,  was  born. 

In  early  August  the  Belgium  Police  deported  a  number  of  delegates  and  the  Unification 
Congress  moved  en  masse  to  England,  where  it  convened  from  August  11th  to  the  23rd. 
One  very  important  outcome  of  the  congress  was  the  ideological  split  which  divided  the 
Iskrists  into  two  camps:  The  Bolsheviks  (majority  faction),  headed  by  Lenin  and  the 
Mensheviks  (minority  faction),  headed  by  Martov. 

The  final  act  of  the  congress  was  to  elect  Lenin,  Plekhanov,  and  Martov  to  the  editorial 
board  of  Iskra.  This  new  board  of  three  never  actually  functioned,  due  to  the  hostility 
between  Martov  and  Lenin.  After  issue  No.  53  Lenin  resigned  leaving  it  in  the  hands  of 
Martov,  Plekhanov,  Axelrod,  Zasulich  and  Petresov,  the  latter  three  being  admitted  to 
the  board  following  Lenin's  resignation. 

Although  Lenin's  faction  clung  to  the  Bolshevik  label,  they  did  not  at  any  time  command 
a  real  majority  in  the  party.  Lenin  had  temporarily  been  able  to  dominate  the 
Unification  Congress  when  the  Jewish  Bund's  delegation  had  walked  out  in  a  huff  over 
party  policy.  Because  Lenin  had  been  temporarily  able  to  martial  [sic]  a  majority  of  the 
remaining  delegates  to  his  support,  his  faction  had  been  identified  as  the  Bolshevik,  or 
majority  faction,  and  always  thereafter  Lenin  and  his  followers  were  known  as 
Bolsheviks.  It  is  important  to  note  that  this  Bolshevik-Menshevik  split  was  among  the 


Iskrists  only.  The  two  other  major  factions  of  the  party— Rosa  Luxemburg's  Polish  Social 
Democrats  and  the  Jewish  Bund— were  neither  Bolshevik  nor  Menshevik,  although  both 
factions  usually  teamed  up  with  the  Mensheviks  on  party  policy.  (In  1917,  however,  both 
the  Polish  party  and  the  Bund  merged  into  the  Bolshevik  faction.) 

Revolution  of  1905 

The  1905  revolution  came  unexpectedly.  Jewish  agitators,  seizing  upon  the  discontent 
engendered  by  Russia's  defeat  by  the  Japanese,  and  capitalizing  on  the  "Bloody  Sunday" 
incident— which  we  have  already  described— fanned  the  flames  of  insurrection  into 
being  in  what  was  to  be  a  dress  rehearsal  of  the  1917  revolution. 

The  revolt,  coming  so  quickly  on  the  heels  of  the  Bloody  Sunday  incident,  caught  the 
party  leadership  by  surprise.  Lenin  was  in  Geneva  and  he  did  not  return  to  Petersberg 
until  October— shortly  before  the  Petersburg  Soviet  was  organized.  Martov  the 
Menshevik  leader,  returned  at  the  same  time.  Rosa  Luxemburg  arrived  in  December,  by 
which  time  the  insurrection  had  ended.  Axelrod  got  only  as  far  as  Finland,  and 
Plekhanov  never  returned  at  all.  The  1905  revolution  was  principally  led  by  second- 
string  leaders,  virtually  all  of  whom  were  identified  with  the  Mensheviks. 

Trotzky  alone  of  the  top  leadership  had  sensed  the  significance  of  "Bloody  Sunday,"  and 
at  the  first  word  of  revolution  he  and  a  Jewish  compatriot,  Parvus,  had  struck  out  for 
Petersberg. 

Using  the  pseudonym  Yanovsky,  he  very  quickly  became  a  leading  member  of  the  Soviet, 
and  by  the  end  of  October  was  generally  recognized  as  the  most  influential  member  of 
the  Executive  Committee.  In  addition,  he  edited  (with  Parvus)  the  Menshevik  organ, 
Nachato.  Later,  under  the  pseudonym,  "Peter  Petrovich"  he  edited  the  "Russkyaya 
Gazeta."  On  Dec.  9,  as  we  have  previously  related,  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
Petersberg  Soviet,  and  following  his  arrest  Parvus  assumed  leadership  of  the  revolt. 

Although  Lenin  had  been  in  St.  Petersberg  throughout  the  life  of  the  Petersberg  Soviet, 
neither  he  nor  any  member  of  his  faction  played  a  prominent  part  in  its  activities.  When 
the  300  members  of  the  Soviet  were  finally  arrested,  not  a  single  prominent  Bolshevik 
was  among  them.  The  revolution  of  1905  was  strictly  a  Menshevik  affair. 

The  London  Congress 

In  1907  (May  13  -  June  1)  a  fifth  Congress  of  the  Russian  Social  Democratic  Labor  Party 
was  held,  this  time  in  London.  This  was  by  all  accounts  the  most  impressive  one  of  all, 
and  it  was  the  last  one  held  before  the  1917  revolution.  Represented  at  the  Congress 
were: 

•  The  Bolsheviks,  led  by  Lenin— 91  delegates. 

•  The  Mensheviks,  led  by  Martov  and  Dan— 89  delegates. 

•  The  Polish  Social  Democrats,  led  by  Rosa  Luxemburg— 44  delegates. 

•  The  Jewish  Bund,  led  by  Rafael  Abramovitch  and  M.  I.  Lieber— 55  delegates. 


•     The  Lettish  Social  Democrats,  led  by  "Comrade  Herman"  (Danishevsky). 

Altogether  there  were  312  delegates  to  the  Congress,  of  whom  116  were,  or  had  been, 
workers.  Dominating  the  Congress  were  the  great  names  of  the  party:  there  were  the 
founders  of  the  movement,  Plekhanov,  Axelrod,  Deutch,  and  Zasulich— who  after  1907 
played  roles  of  diminishing  importance  in  party  affairs— and  their  disciples,  Lenin, 
Martov,  Dan  (Gurvich),  and  Trotzky.  There  were  Abramovich  and  Lieber  (Goldman)  of 
the  Bund,  and  Rosa  Luxemburg,  the  latter  one  day  being  destined  to  lead  a  revolution  of 
her  own  in  Germany.  Present  also  were  Zinoviev,  Kamenev,  and  Stalin,  none  of  whom 
were  important  in  1907,  but  who  are  listed  here  because  one  day  they  would  be  the  three 
most  powerful  men  in  Russia.  Significantly  all  of  those  named  were  Jewish,  excepting 
Lenin,  Plekhanov,  and  Stalin. 

Perhaps  one  of  the  most  important  matters  taken  up  by  the  London  Congress  was  the 
bitterly  controversial  question  of  "expropriations."  It  should  be  explained  that  Lenin's 
Bolshevik  faction  had  to  an  increasing  degree  resorted  to  outlawry  to  replenish  its 
finances.  Robbery,  kidnapping,  and  theft  became  regular  party  activities.  And  on  one 
occasion  a  loyal  Bolshevik  married  a  rich  widow  to  secure  funds  for  the  party  treasury. 
These  activities  were  referred  to  in  party  circles  as  "expropriations."  The  most  famous 
expropriation  was  the  Tiflis  bank  robbery,  engineered  by  young  Josef  Stalin  shortly  after 
the  London  Congress. 


The  Mensheviks  bitterly  criticized 
these  tactics,  while  Lenin  stoutly 
defended  them  as  a  necessary 
means  of  raising  capital.  The 
"expropriation"  question  broke  out 
again  and  again  as  a  point  of 
contention  between  the  two 
factions.  Actually  a  great  deal  of 
Lenin's  strength  came  from  this 
source.  With  money  thus  raised  he 
was  able  to  pay  the  traveling 
expenses  of  delegates  to  these 
various  congresses,  and  this  gave 
him  a  voting  power  which  was 
probably  out  of  proportion  to  his 
following.  Lenin's  opposition  on 
the  expropriation  question  came 
not  only  from  Martov's  Menshevik 
faction,  but  also  from  the  Jewish 


^■** 

Hk^j 

;: 

■* Af^S 

m 

r ■ . . .,  .J- 

1BMP*- 

K  1 

BVBftr. .     .  -.-.--r  .:    -:i^BBl 

In  communist  Russia  the  penalty  for  revolutionary  activity  is 
always  death.  Under  the  more  tolerant  rule  of  the  Tsars  the 
penalty  was  exile  in  Siberia.  Stalin  was  exiled  no  less  than  5 
times.  The  photo  above  shows  him  with  a  friend  (Suren 
Spandaryan)  during  exile  in  Monastyrskoye,  Turukhansk, 
Siberia. 


Bund  and  Rosa  Luxemburg's  Polish  Social  Democrats.  The  Jewish  Bund  and  Rosa 
Luxemburg's  faction  usually  sided  with  the  Mensheviks  in  these  intra-party  squabbles, 
and  it  was  not  until  1917,  when  they  were  actually  incorporated  into  the  Bolshevik 
faction,  that  Lenin  was  able  to  actually  control  the  entire  party. 


The  Tiflis  bank  robbery  has  now  become  a  part  of  the  legend  which  surrounds  Stalin, 
and  it  is  perhaps  worth  while  to  give  it  some  attention.  Although  the  robbery  was 
engineered  by  Stalin,  then  a  minor  party  worker,  the  actual  hold-up  was  carried  out  by 
an  Armenian  by  the  name  of  Petroyan,  who  is  known  in  Russian  history  as  "Kamo." 
Kamo's  method  was  crude  but  effective:  he  tossed  a  dynamite  bomb  at  a  bank  stage 
which  was  transporting  250,000  rubles  in  currency.  In  the  resulting  explosion  some  30 
people  were  killed  and  Kamo  escaped  with  the  loot,  which  consisted  mainly  of  500  ruble 
notes. 

The  Bolsheviks  encountered  considerable  difficulty  in  converting  these  500  ruble  notes 
into  usable  form.  It  was  decided  that  agents  in  various  countries  would  simultaneously 
cash  as  many  as  possible  in  a  single  day.  The  operation  was  not  a  complete  success.  The 
Jewess,  Olga  Ravich,  who  was  one  day  to  marry  Zinoviev  was  apprehended  by  police 
authorities,  as  was  one  Meyer  Wallach,  whose  real  name  was  Finklestein,  and  who  is 
better  known  as  Maxim  Litvinov.  Litvinov  later  became  Commissar  of  Foreign  Affairs 
(1930-39)- 

The  Year  1908 

In  the  autumn  of  1908  the  Bolsheviks  began  publishing  the  Proletariie,  with  Lenin, 
Dubrovinsky,  Zinoviev,  and  Kamenev  (the  latter  two  Jewish)  as  editors.  In  the  same 
year  the  Menshevik  organ,  Golos  Sotsial-Demokrata  began  publication,  edited  by 
Plekhanov,  Axelrod,  Martov,  Dan,  and  Martynov  (Pikel),  all  of  whom  were  Jewish  with 
the  exception  of  Plekhanov.  In  Oct.  of  1908  the  Vienna  Pravda  was  launched,  with 
Trotzky  as  editor. 

The  Troika 

In  1909  the  Lenin-Zinoviev-Kamenev  "troika"  was  formed.  It  was  to  endure  until 
Lenin's  death  in  1924.  Zinoviev  and  Kamenev  were  Lenin's  inseparable  companions. 
Later,  when  the  Bolsheviks  were  in  power,  Trotzky  would  become  co-equal  with  Lenin, 
and  even  something  of  a  competitor,  but  Kamenev  and  Zinoviev  were  never  Lenin's 
equals  nor  his  competitors— they  were  his  right  and  left  hand.  They  would  argue  with 
him,  and  fight  with  him,  and  oppose  him  in  party  councils,  but  the  "troika"  was  broken 
only  when  Lenin  died. 

January  Plenum 

In  January  of  1910  the  19  top  leaders  of  the  Party  met  in  what  historians  refer  to  as  the 
"January  Plenum  of  the  Central  Committee."  Its  purpose  was,  as  always,  to 
promote  party  unity.  One  outcome  was  that  Lenin  was  compelled  to  burn  the  remainder 
of  the  500  ruble  notes  from  the  Tiflis  expropriation,  which  he  had  been  unable  to  cash 
anyway.  Another  outcome  of  the  January  Plenum  was  the  recognition  of  the  newspaper, 
Sotsial  Demokrata,  as  the  general  party  newspaper.  Its  editors  were  the  Bolsheviks, 
Lenin  and  Zinoviev,  and  the  Mensheviks,  Martov  and  Dan.  Lenin  was  the  only  gentile. 
Trotzky's  semi-independent  "Vienna  Pravda"  was  declared  to  be  an  official  party  organ, 
and  Kamenev  was  appointed  to  help  edit  it.  Who  could  have  foretold  in  the  year  1910 


that  within  seven  short  years  this  Yiddish  crew  would  be  the  lords  and  masters  of  all 
Russia? 

The  1917  Revolution 

The  1917  revolution,  like  that  of  1905.  caught  the  top  leaders  of  the  party  unprepared. 
Lenin  and  Martov  were  in  Switzerland,  and  Trotzky  was  eking  out  an  existence  in  New 
York's  East  Side. 

Shortly  after  the  March  revolution  the  German  government  did  a  peculiar  thing.  It 
arranged  to  ship  Lenin,  Martov,  Radek,  and  32  members  of  the  party  across  Germany  to 
Russia.  The  German  strategy  seemed  to  be  based  on  the  assumption— which  later 
proved  correct— that  the  communists  would  work  to  sabotage  the  Russian  war  effort, 
now  being  prosecuted  by  the  Provisional  Government.  Perhaps  the  Lenin  group  had 
some  such  agreement  with  the  Germans,  no  one  knows.  But  one  thing  is  certain:  48 
hours  after  the  Bolsheviks  came  to  power,  Trotzky  began  negotiations  for  an  armistice. 
But  that  story  comes  later. 

On  April  3rd,  just  23  days  after  the  provisional  government  had  been  formed,  Lenin  and 
his  party  arrived  in  Petersberg.  Within  7  months  he  and  his  faction  would  be  the 
supreme  dictators  of  all  Russia. 

MORE  PETERSBERG  SOVIET 

It  Controlled  the  Mob 

We  have  already  given  a  description  of  the  March  Revolution  which  overthrew  the  Tsar, 
and  we  have  told  of  the  establishment  of  the  two  governing  bodies  which  came  into 
existence  on  March  12th,  namely  the  Provisional  Government  and  the  Petersberg 
Soviet. 

The  Petersberg  Soviet,  although  it  controlled  the  mob,  was  reluctant  to  assume  the 
responsibility  of  governing— at  least  in  the  beginning.  The  Soviet  was  originally 
organized  by  second-string  leaders  who  were  quite  capable  of  stirring  up  trouble,  but 
who  had  little  capacity  for  leading  a  revolutionary  government.  Furthermore,  it  was  not 
clear  in  the  early  days  of  the  revolution  as  to  what  the  final  outcome  would  be. 
Petersberg  was,  after  all,  only  one  city  in  the  empire,  and  the  attitude  of  the  country  as  a 
whole,  and  of  the  soldiers  at  the  front,  was  unknown.  For  this  reason  the  Soviet 
preferred  that  the  Provisional  Government— which  had  some  semblance  of  legitimacy- 
should  temporarily  rule. 

The  Provisional  Government 

The  Provisional  Government  was  not  a  revolutionary  body.  Of  its  12  members,  only  one, 
Kerensky,  was  a  "Socialist."  The  others  were  typical  upper-middle  class  members  of  the 
Duma,  with  possibly  mild  leanings  to  the  left.  Head  of  the  Provisional  Government  was 
Prince  Lvov,  whose  reputation  as  a  liberal  may  have  qualified  him  for  that  position  more 


than  some  of  the  others.  This  12  man  government  had  sprung  into  being  simply  because 
no  other  semblance  of  a  government  existed  in  Petersberg  on  March  l2th— it  did  not  in 
any  way  participate  in  the  revolution.  In  the  months  following  the  overthrow  of  the  Tsar, 
however,  its  power  grew  considerably,  so  that  by  July  when  an  abortive  Bolshevik 
uprising  occurred,  the  Provisional  Government  was  able  to  quell  the  affair  and  arrest  or 
force  into  hiding  the  Bolshevik  leaders. 

The  Provisional  Government  undertook  to  continue  the  war  against  Germany.  The  great 
mass  of  people  were,  of  course,  patriotic  Russians,  and  Germany  was  looked  on  as  a 
dangerous  threat  to  Russian  sovereignty.  The  Provisional  Government,  during  its  entire 
tenure,  was  primarily  occupied  with  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 

The  Provisional  Government  took  two  steps,  however,  which  were  to  profoundly  affect 
the  revolution.  The  first,  and  most  fateful,  was  the  decision  to  permit  the  return  of  all 
exiled  political  prisoners  from  Siberia  and  abroad.  By  doing  so  it  sealed  the  fate  of 
Russia.  Here  is  the  way  one  American  writer,  Edward  Alsworth  Ross,  has  described  it 
[Russian  Bolshevik  Revolution,  page  58,  by  Edward  Alsworth  Ross,  Century  Company. 
New  York.  1921]: 

"One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  Provisional  government,  however,  is  to  bring  back  to 
Russia  the  political  victims  of  the  autocracy.  From  Siberia  about  eighty  thousand  are 
brought  out.  From  Switzerland,  France,  Scandinavia,  the  United  States,  even  from 
Argentina  and  other  remote  countries,  come  perhaps  ten  thousand  who  have  been 
refugees  from  the  tsar's  vengeance.  In  all  ninety  thousand  at  least,  virtually  all  of  them 
of  socialist  sympathies,  stream  into  European  Russia  in  late  April,  May,  June,  and 
July.  Honored  by  a  grateful  people  for  their  voluntary  sacrifices  and  sufferings  they 
quickly  rise  to  a  commanding  influence  in  the  local  Soviets  and  carry  them  irresistibly 
toward  the  political  left." 

These  ninety  thousand  exiles  constituted  the  heart  of  the  approaching  Bolshevik 
revolution.  They  were  almost  to  the  last  man  professional  revolutionaries,  and  with  few 
exceptions  they  were  Jewish.  Stalin,  Sverdlov,  and  Zinoviev  were  among  the  exiles  who 
returned  from  Siberia.  Lenin,  Martov,  Radek,  and  Kamenev— as  we  have  seen— returned 
from  Switzerland.  Trotzky  returned,  with  hundreds  of  his  Yiddish  brethren,  from  New 
York's  East  Side.  These  were  the  inheritors  of  the  revolution.  Until  their  return  the 
revolution  had  been  without  leadership— largely  it  had  been  conducted  by  second  string 
leaders  who  happened  to  be  on  the  spot.  Now  the  elite  were  returning.  Let  us  take 
another  quotation  from  the  starry-eyed  Edward  Alworth  Ross,  whose  prose  is  almost  as 
poor  as  his  judgment: 

"The  bewildered  leaderless  Russian  masses  are  thrilled  and  captivated  by  these  ready, 
self-confident  men  who  tell  them  just  what  they  must  do  in  order  to  garner  for 
themselves  the  fruits  of  the  revolution.  This  is  why  refugees,  obscure  to  us  although  not 
to  Russians,  who  in  exile  had  been  obliged  to  work  in  our  steel  mills  and  tailor  shops 
for  a  living,  former  residents  of  New  York's  "Eastside",  who  lived  precariously  from 
some  Russian  newspapers  we  Americans  never  heard  of,  will  rise  to  be  the  heads  of 


Soviets  and,  later,  cabinet  ministers  of  a  government  ruling  a  tenth  of  the  human  race. 
In  all  modern  history  there  is  no  romance  like  it. " 

[Russian  Bolshevik  Revolution  (ibid  p.  45), 
page  67] 


Soon  these  hordes  of  returning  Jews  would 

exercise  the  power  of  life  and  death  over  150 

million  Christian  Russians.  Soon  every 

factory,  every  government  bureau  every 

school  district,  and  every  army  unit  would 

function  under  the  gimlet  eye  of  a  Jewish 

Commissar.  Soon  the  blood  of  human  beings 

would  be  oozing  from  under  the  doors  of 

communist  execution  chambers  as  tens  of 

thousands  of  Christian  men  and  women 

were  butchered  like  cattle  in  a 

slaughterhouse.  Soon  five  million 

landowners  would  be  deliberately  starved  to 

death  as  part  of  a  premeditated  plan.  Soon  a 

move  would  be  under  way  to  exterminate 

the  gentile  leader  class  of  the  entire  nation 

by  murdering  every  Christian  factory  owner, 

and  lawyer,  and  government  leader,  and 

army  officer,  and  every  other  person  who  had  been,  or  might  be,  a  potential  leader.  Soon 

the  standing  population  of  the  slave  labor  camps  would  exceed  15  million.  Soon  every 

church  and  cathedral  would  be  gutted  and  every  priest  and  preacher  would  become  a 

criminal  in  his  own  community.  Soon  Russia  would  have  a  zombie-proletariat  docile, 

willing  to  work,  easily  controlled,  incapable  of  revolt ...  Such  was  the  "romance"  of  the 

Bolshevik  revolution. 


When  the  Bolsheviks  came  to  power,  they 
systematically  undertook  to  destroy  every  vestige 
of  opposition  by  exterminating  the  upper  classes 
of  Russian  society.  The  fury  of  the  Red  Terror  can 
be  explained  only  as  a  manifestation  of  Jewish 
hatred  against  Christian  civilization. 


Constituent  Assembly  Elections 


A  second  important  act  of  the  Provisional  Government  was  to  create  the  machinery  for 
the  election  of  a  Constituent  Assembly.  It  was  provided  that  delegates  from  all  of  Russia 
should  be  chosen  in  free  elections,  and  these  were  to  meet  in  a  Constituent  Assembly  for 
the  purpose  of  writing  a  constitution  for  Russia.  It  was  to  be,  as  one  writer  puts  it 
[Stalin:  An  Appraisal  of  the  Man  and  His  Influence,  by  Lev  Trotsky  (translated  by 
Charles  Malamuth),  Harper  Bros.,  New  York  &  London,  1941] 

"a  body  encompassing  the  purposes  of  both  the  Continental  Congress  and  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  the  American  Revolution." 

When  the  Constituent  Assembly  did  meet,  in  January  of  1918,  the  Bolsheviks  had 
already  been  in  power  a  month. 


"It  met  at  the  Tauride  Palace  in  Petrograd  and  lasted  less  than  13  hours;  from  four  in 
the  afternoon  of  Jan.  18,  to  40  minutes  past  four  of  Jan.  19,  when  it  was  dispersed  by 
Bolshevik  troops,  chiefly  soldiers  of  Lettish  regiments. " 

One  of  the  factors  which  precipitated  the  October  Revolution  was  the  forthcoming 
elections  for  the  Constituent  Assembly. 

Ail-Russian  Congress  of  Soviets 

One  other  event  occurred  which  was  to  affect  the  outcome  of  the  revolution.  This  was 
the  convening  of  the  First  All- Russian  Congress  of  Soviets  in  Petersberg  on  June 
3rd,  1917.  It  should  be  explained  that  the  word  "soviet"  means  "council",  or  "committee". 
Following  the  March  Revolution,  literally  hundreds  of  local  revolutionary  Soviets  were 
organized  all  over  Russia  by  the  various  Marxists  parties.  It  was  decided  that  a  congress 
of  these  Soviets  should  meet  for  the  purpose  of  unifying  the  forces  of  the  revolution. 

This  first  Congress  of  Soviets  was  dominated  by  the  Mensheviks  and  Essars.  (Essars  = 
Social  Revolutionary  Party).  The  Bolsheviks  had  fewer  than  40  delegates  out  of 
several  hundred  attending. 

Before  disbanding,  the  Congress  of  Soviets  set  October  20th  (later  changed  to  Nov.  7th) 
as  the  date  for  the  convening  of  the  next  Congress.  This  date  is  extremely  important 
because  it  marks  the  date  of  the  Bolshevik  Revolution.  When  the  Second  Congress  of 
Soviets  did  convene,  on  the  evening  of  November  7th,  the  Bolsheviks  had  already  gained 
control  of  the  Petersberg  Soviet  and  had  overthrown  the  Provisional  Government  a  few 
hours  earlier.  The  Bolsheviks  were  thus  able  to  present  the  Second  All- Russian 
Congress  of  Soviets  with  a  "fait  accompli".  This  Second  Congress  of  Soviets  became 
the  official  government  of  Communist  Russia  on  that  same  evening  of  November  7th, 
1917. 

Lenin  Returns 

But  now  we  must  turn  our  attention  back  to  Lenin  and  his  party  at  the  time  of  their 
arrival  from  abroad.  When  Lenin  arrived  in  Petersberg  in  April  of  1917,  he  found  the 
Petersberg  Soviet  dominated  by  the  Mensheviks,  with  the  Essars  (Social 
Revolutionaries)  second  in  membership,  and  the  Bolsheviks  in  the  minority.  President 
of  the  Soviet  was  the  Menshevik,  Tcheidze,  a  "defensist"  who  strongly  supported  the  war 
effort.  Of  the  two  vice-presidents,  one  was  Skobelev,  also  a  Menshevik,  and  the  other 
was  Kerensky,  the  only  member  of  the  12  man  Provisional  Government  who  also 
belonged  to  the  Soviet. 

Although  the  Mensheviks  controlled  the  Petersberg  Soviet,  they  were  badly  divided 
among  themselves.  The  main  body  of  the  Menshevik  faction— the  defensists— was 
headed  by  Theodore  Dan  (Gurvich)  and  M.  I.  Lieber  (formerly  of  the  Jewish  Bund).  The 
other  group  of  Mensheviks,— the  internationalists— was  headed  by  Martov. 


Lenin  bitterly  criticized  this  state  of  affairs.  He  regarded  the  provisional  government  as 
an  instrument  of  the  "bourgeois"  and  he  immediately  and  violently  advocated  its 
overthrow.  Throughout  April,  May,  and  June  the  Bolsheviks  preached  the  destruction  of 
the  Provisional  Government,  and  among  the  factory  workers  and  the  military  garrisons 
around  Petersberg  this  propaganda  began  to  take  effect.  Under  the  slogan  "all  power 
to  the  Soviets",  the  Bolsheviks  had  succeeded  by  July  in  recruiting  to  their  banners 
large  numbers  of  the  city's  more  radical  elements. 

The  returning  influx  of  exiles  also  enhanced  the  position  of  the  Bolsheviks.  These  exiles 
were  not  all  originally  Bolsheviks,  but  they  were  almost  without  exception  extremists, 
and  they  had  waited  a  long  time  for  revolution  to  come:  they  were  hungry  for  power. 
And  they  were  inclined  to  favor  the  Bolsheviks  because  they  were  the  most  radical 
advocates  of  direct  action.  Trotzky,  who  had  in  1905  began  a  Menshevik,  and  who  had 
later  been  a  "neutral",  immediately  joined  the  Bolsheviks  on  his  return  from  New  York. 
So  it  was  with  many  others. 

On  July  17th  this  anti-government  agitation  resulted  in  an  unscheduled  uprising  by 
thousands  of  the  city's  inflamed  worker-soldier  population.  In  modern  Russian  history 
these  are  known  as  the  "July  Days".  Kerensky,  who  by  now  had  become  the  dominant 
figure  in  the  Provisional  Government  dealt  with  the  insurrection  with  considerable 
firmness.  The  mob  was  fired  on,  and  in  the  course  of  the  next  three  days  several 
hundred  people  were  killed. 

As  a  result  of  the  "July  Days"  uprising,  the  top  Bolshevik  leadership  was  either  arrested 
or  forced  to  flee.  Lenin  and  Zinoviev  temporarily  hid  out  in  Sestroretsk,  outside  of 
Petersberg.  Trotzky,  Kamenev,  and  Lunacharsky  (soon  to  become  prominent)  were 
arrested.  Stalin,  at  that  time  an  editor  of  Pravda,  was  not  molested. 

One  result  of  the  "July  Days"  was  the  collapse  of  the  Provisional  Government  under  the 
premiership  of  Prince  Lvov.  On  July  20th,  Kerensky  (Adler)  the  Jewish  Napoleon, 
became  Prime  Minister  of  a  'salvation  of  the  revolution'  government.  Kerensky  was  quite 
an  orator,  and  he  applied  himself  to  the  task  of  whipping  up  enthusiasm  for  an  offensive 
against  the  Germans.  Although  he  met  with  moderate  success  at  first,  the  offensive 
failed  and  Kerensky's  influence  declined  steadily  in  the  next  three  months. 


SIXTH  PARTY  CONGRESS 

In  August  (8-16)  the  Russian  Social-Democratic  Labor 
Party  held  its  Sixth  Congress.  This  was  the  first  one  held 
since  the  London  Congress  of  1907,  and  it  was  the  last  one 
held  before  the  Bolshevik  Revolution,  now  only  two 
months  away.  This  Sixth  Congress  was  completely  a 
Bolshevik  affair.  The  other  factions  merged  with  the 
Bolsheviks  and  ceased  to  exist;  from  this  time  on  the 
Russian  Social  Democratic  Labor  Party  WAS  the  Bolshevik 
Party.  (Within  a  year  the  party  officially  changed  its  name 
to  the  Communist  Party). 

The  most  important  act  of  the  Sixth  Congress  was  to  elect 
the  "October  Central  Committee",  consisting  of  26 
members.  This  Central  Committee  was  to  rule  the 
Bolshevik  Party  through  the  critical  days  of  the  October 
Revolution.  Who  were  the  principal  members  of  the 
"October  Central  Committee"?  Let  us  take  the  words  of 
Lev  Trotzky  as  they  appear  in  his  book,  Stalin: 

"In  view  of  the  Party's  semi-legality  the  names  of  persons 
elected  by  secret  ballot  were  not  announced  at  the 
Congress,  with  the  exception  of  the  four  who  had  received 
the  largest  number  of  votes.  Lenin— 133  out  ofapossible 
134,  Zinoviev—132,  Kamenev—131,  Trotzky— 131 ". 

[Stalin  (ibid  page  48)  pages  220-221.] 

These  four  two  months  before  the  October  Revolution, 
were  the  top  leaders  of  the  Bolshevik  Party.  Three  were 
Jews  and  the  fourth,  Lenin,  was  married  to  a  Jewess. 

Trotzky's  writings  are  extremely  enlightening  from  a 
historical  viewpoint.  He  hated  Stalin  and  he  wrote  his 
book,  Stalin,  to  prove  that  Stalin  was  a  Johnny-come- 
lately,  an  upstart,  and  an  usurper.  He  brings  forth  masses 
of  evidence  to  show  how  unimportant  Stalin  was  in  Party 
councils  during  and  immediately  after  the  October 
Revolution.  In  doing  so,  Trotzky  again  and  again 
emphasizes  who  the  really  important  leaders  were.  Let  us 
take  another  typical  comment  from  his  book  on  Stalin  as  he 
the  October  Central  Committee  shortly  before  the  Bolshevik 


)ta..WiniEii5E«!t 


The  above  cut  [Outmoded 
expression  meaning  'woodcut']  is 
taken  from  Trotzky's  book  Stalin. 
It  is  a  reproduction  of  a  postcard 
widely  circulated  in  Russia 
following  the  Bolshevik 
Revolution.  It  is  entitled  "Leaders 
of  the  Proletarian  Revolution". 
Trotzky  uses  this  as  evidence  to 
prove  that  Stalin,  whom  he 
despised,  was  not  an  important 
figure  in  the  October 
Revolution— which  it  does  nicely. 
But  it  also  reveals  the  Jewishness 
of  these  original  leaders  of  the 
Communist  Party:  Four  of  those 
appearing  above  are  Jews,  and  a 
fifth,  Lenin,  is  married  to  a 
Jewess.  Shown  above  are  (l) 
Lenin,  (2)  Trotzky,  (3)  Zinoviev, 
(4)  Lunacharsky  (a  gentile),  (5) 
Kamenev,  (6)  Sverdlov.  These 
were  the  leaders  of  the 
Communist  Revolution  of  1917. 

describes  the  meetings  of 
Revolution: 


"The  422  pages  of  the  fourth  volume,  dealing  with  August  and  September,  record  all 
the  happenings,  occurrences,  brawls,  resolutions,  speeches,  articles  in  any  way 
deserving  of  notice.  Sverdlov,  then  practically  unknown,  was  mentioned  three  times  in 
that  volume;  Kamenev,  46  times;  I,  who  spent  August  and  the  beginning  of  September 


in  prison,  31  times;  Lenin,  who  was  in  the  underground,  16  times;  Zinoviev,  who 
shared  Lenin's  fate,  6  times.  Stalin  was  not  mentioned  even  once.  Stalin's  name  is  not 
even  in  the  index  of  approximately  500  proper  names." 

[Stalin  (ibid  page  48)  pages  222-223] 

Thus,  Trotzky  again  cites  evidence  to  prove  that  Stalin  was  not  an  important  figure  in 
the  Bolshevik  Party  in  1917.  But  in  doing  so  he  names  the  real  leaders,  who  as  before  are 
the  Jews,  Kamenev,  Zinoviev,  Trotzky,  and  the  up  and  coming  Sverdlov.  Lenin  is  the 
only  gentile. 

Because  the  top  party  leaders  were  either  in  prison  or  in  hiding  as  a  result  of  the 
abortive  July  Days  uprising,  the  Sixth  Party  Congress  was  organized  by  the  lesser  lights 
of  the  party,  of  whom  Sverdlov  was  the  most  active.  Lev  Trotzky,  ever  anxious  to 
discredit  Stalin,  gives  us  this  description: 

"The  praesidium  consisted  of  Sverdlov,  Olminsky,  Lomov,  Yurenev,  and  Stalin.  Even 
here,  with  the  most  prominent  figures  of  Bolshevism  absent,  Stalin's  name  is  listed  in 
last  place.  The  Congress  resolved  to  send  greetings  to  Lenin,  Trotzky,  Zinoviev, 
Lunacharsky,  Kamenev,  Kollontai,  and  all  the  others  arrested  and  persecuted 
comrades'.  These  were  elected  to  the  honorary  praesidium." 

[Stalin  (ibid  page  48)  page  217.] 

Here  again,  in  the  words  of  Trotzky,  we  have  named  the  "most  prominent  figures  of 

Bolshevism":  Lenin,  Trotzky,  Zinoviev,  Kamenev,  Kollontai  and  Lunacharsky.  And  we 
know  these  were  the  most  important  leaders  because  they  were  the  ones  Kerensky  had 
arrested  or  driven  underground  following  the  July  Days  revolt.  Of  these,  only 
Lunacharsky  and  Lenin  were  gentile;  the  others  were  Jewish.  These  facts  show  why  the 
Jewishness  of  communism  is  so  immediately  and  indisputably  apparent  to  anyone  who 
has  the  slightest  knowledge  of  Bolshevik  history. 

TROTZKY  TO  POWER 

On  August  17th  Kamenev  was  released  from  prison,  and  exactly  a  month  later  Trotzky 
was  also  freed  by  the  Kerensky  regime.  On  Sept.  24th  Trotzky  was  elected  president  of 
the  Petersberg  Soviet,  displacing  Cheidze,  the  Menshevik.  From  this  moment  on  the 
Bolsheviks  were  in  control  of  the  Petersberg  Soviet.  On  October  29th  the  Petersberg 
Soviet  voted  to  transfer  all  military  power  to  a  "Military  Revolutionary 
Committee",  headed  by  Trotzky.  Revolution  was  now  only  days  away. 

Military  Revolutionary  Committee 

The  Military  Revolutionary  Committee,  under  the  chairmanship  of  Trotzky,  was 
organized  for  the  express  purpose  of  preparing  the  revolution.  Time  was  running  out 
and  it  was  a  matter  of  striking  soon  or  not  at  all.  The  Constituent  Assembly  elections 


were  only  a  few  weeks  off,  and  when  it  convened,  Russia  was  to  have  a  new  government. 
There  was  another  reason  for  striking  soon.  The  Second  All-Russian  Congress  of  Soviets 
was  to  meet  on  Nov.  7th.  The  Bolsheviks  feared— and  with  reason— that  the  Kerensky 
government  would  arrest  or  disband  the  entire  congress  and  thereby  doom  the  revolt. 
For  these  reasons  it  was  felt  essential  to  overthrow  the  Provisional  Government  by  or 
before  the  Second  All-Russian  Congress  of  Soviets  convened  on  Nov.  7th. 

On  November  4th  the  Military  Revolutionary  Committee  arranged  huge  mass  meetings 
in  preparation  for  the  forthcoming  revolt.  On  .the  following  day  the  garrison  of  the  Peter 
and  Paul  Fortress  declared  itself  in  alliance  with  the  Bolsheviks.  On  the  6th  Kerensky 
made  one  last  attempt  to  forestall  revolution  by  ordering  the  arrest  of  the  Military 
Revolution  Committee,  banning  all  Bolshevik  publications,  and  ordering  fresh  troops  to 
replace  the  Petersberg  garrison.  These  measures  were  never  carried  out. 

Revolution 

On  the  evening  of  November  6th  Lenin  came  out  of  hiding  and  joined  the  Military 
Revolutionary  Committee  at  Smolny  Institute  which  served  as  revolutionary 
headquarters.  At  two  A.M.  the  following  morning  the  revolution  began. 

By  noon  the  city  was  largely  in  Bolshevik  hands.  At  three  P.M.  Lenin  delivered  a  fiery 
speech  to  the  Petersberg  Soviet— his  first  since  July.  At  nine  P.M.  Bolshevik  troops 
began  their  two  day  siege  of  the  Winter  Palace,  last  stronghold  of  the  Provisional 
Government. 

At  eleven  P.  M.  the  Second  All-Russian  Congress  of  Soviets  convened  with  the 
Bolsheviks  in  a  clear  majority.  The  Congress  was  now  the  official  government  of  Russia. 
The  Jew  Kamenev,  was  elected  its  first  President.  Lenin  became  Premier.  Trotzky  was 
made  Commissar  of  Foreign  Affairs.  Before  dawn  it  had  elected  a  Central  Executive 
Committee  under  the  chairmanship  of  Kamenev,  who  thus  had  the  distinction  of  being 
the  first  President  of  the  "Soviet  Republic". 

Within  a  few  days  (Nov.  21)  the  Jew,  Sverdlov,  succeeded  Kamenev,  and  thus  became 
the  second  Jewish  president  of  the  "Soviet  Republic".  A  relatively  minor  figure  in 
Bolshevik  circles  six  months  before  the  revolution,  he  very  quickly  became  one  of  the 
five  top  men  in  the  party. 

Before  his  early  death  two  years  later  he  had  become  the  party's  chief  trouble-shooter 
and  had  assumed  absolute  control  over  Russia's  economic  life. 

CONSTITUENT  ASSEMBLY 

On  November  25th,  8  days  after  the  Bolshevik  coup,  free  elections  were  held  throughout 
Russia  under  machinery  set  up  by  the  Provisional  Government.  The  Bolsheviks,  not  yet 
completely  organized,  made  no  attempt  to  interfere  with  the  elections,  but  when  it 


became  clear  that  the  Bolsheviks  would  command  only  a  minority  in  the  Constituent 
Assembly,  they  immediately  laid  plans  to  undermine  its  authority. 

The  Provisional  Government  had  specified  that  the  convocation  of  the  Assembly  should 
be  in  the  hands  of  a  special  commission.  The  Bolsheviks  arrested  this  commission,  and 
substituted  for  it  a  "Commissary  for  the  Constituent  Assembly",  headed  by  the  Jew, 
Uritzky. 

By  this  tactic  the  Bolsheviks  were  able  to  exert  their  authority  over  the  Assembly.  When 
the  Assembly  did  finally  convene,  the  Jew,  Sverdlov,  although  not  a  delegate,  took 
charge  of  the  proceedings,  and  actually  called  the  meeting  to  order.  Ten  hours  later  the 
Assembly  was  thrown  into  confusion  when  the  Bolsheviks  walked  out.  Shortly  thereafter 
Bolshevik  troops  brutally  brought  the  Constituent  Assembly  to  an  end  by  ejecting  the 
delegates  and  locking  the  doors  to  the  building. 

This  was  the  end  of  the  Constituent  Assembly.  After  having  convened  for  only  13  hours, 
it  disbanded,  never  to  meet  again.  So  ended  Russia's  hope  for  a  constitution  and  a 
representative  government. 

In  March,  1918,  the  Soviet  Government  moved  its  capital  from  Petersberg  to  Moscow.  In 
the  same  month  the  Russian  Social-Democratic  Labor  Party  officially  styled 
itself  the  Communist  Party ... 

War  Commissar 

Meanwhile  the  enemies  of  the  new  regime  were  gathering  strength.  Before  the  year  was 
over  the  Soviet  Government  was  under  attack  on  six  war  fronts.  Some  of  these  anti- 
communist  armies  were  organized  by  pro-Tsarist  sympathizers;  others  were  organized 
and  financed  by  foreign  governments.  These  "White  Russian"  forces  constituted  a 
dangerous  threat  to  the  new  regime,  and  in  March  Trotzky  relinquished  his  post  as 
Commissar  of  Foreign  Affairs  to  become  Commissar  of  War,  a  position  which  gave  him 
authority  over  the  Soviet  Government's  entire  military  resources.  It  was  he  who 
organized  and  led  the  Red  Army  to  victory  Not  until  1921  were  the  last  of  the  anti- 
communist  forces  destroyed. 

Murder  of  the  Royal  Family 

Shortly  after  the  March  Revolution  of  1917  the  Tsar  had  applied  for  permission  for 
himself  and  his  family  to  leave  the  country.  Nicholas  II  was  closely  related  to  the  royal 
families  of  England  and  Denmark,  and  he  felt  exile  there  was  preferable  to  remaining  a 
prisoner  in  his  own  land.  The  Provisional  Government  had  been  inclined  to  grant  his 
request,  but  the  Petersberg  Soviet  had  blocked  the  move  and  the  royal  family  had  been 
transferred  to  Ekaterinburg,  in  south  Russia.  There,  in  1918,  they  were  housed  in  the 
home  of  a  local  merchant  named  Ipatiev.  On  July  17th  anti-Bolshevik  troops  advanced 
on  Ekaterinburg  and  the  local  commissar,  a  Jew  by  the  name  of  Yorovsky,  ordered  the 
family— and  their  household  servants— executed.  Yorovsky  personally  dispatched 


Nicholas  with  a  pistol  shot  in  the  head.  The  rest  of  the  family  was  executed  by  a  firing 
squad.  Their  bodies  were  then  soaked  in  oil  and  burned ... 

Should  the  reader  be  moved  to  look  up  the  position  of  Ekaterinburg  on  a  modern  day 
map  of  Soviet  Russia,  he  will  find  no  trace  of  it.  The  former  city  and  province  of 
Ekaterinburg  has  been  renamed  "Sverdlovsk",  in  honor  of  the  Jew,  Yakov  Sverdlov, 
president  of  the  "Soviet  Republic"  at  the  time  of  the  execution  ... 


THE  RED  TERROR 

On  August  30, 1918,  the  Jew,  Uritzky— 
then  head  of  the  "Cheka"— was 
assassinated  and  Lenin  was  wounded. 
The  assassins  were  both  Jewish,  and 
both  members  of  the  Jewish-led  Social 
Revolutionary  Party.  The  Bolsheviks 
used  this  as  an  excuse  for  instituting  the 
Red  Terror,  which  began  the  following 
day,  and  which  in  a  sense  has  continued 
to  the  present. 

Space  simply  does  not  permit  us  to  give 
an  adequate  description  of  what 
followed.  The  entire  membership  of  the 
Communist  Party,  which  in  1918 
numbered  perhaps  no  more  than 
100,000,  was  turned  into  an  instrument 
of  murder.  Its  aims  were  two-fold;  to 
inspire  dread  and  horror  among  the 
Russian  masses,  and  to  exterminate  the 
middle  and  upper  classes  i.e.,  the 
"bourgeois". 

Men  and  women  were  executed  or 
imprisoned  not  because  of  any  offense, 
but  simply  because  they  belonged  to  the 
"enemy  class".  And  this  definition 
eventually  included  every  merchant, 


The  above  is  a  reproduction  of  a  banner  displayed  by 
the  Bolsheviks  on  the  first  anniversary  of  the 
Communist  Revolution.  After  having  butchered  the 
royal  family  and  a  substantial  part  of  the  nation's  ruling 
class,  the  Bolsheviks  set  out  to  "educate"  the  Russian 
people  to  the  joys  of  proletarian  life.  So  successful  has 
this  program  of  "education"  been,  that  the  enslaved 
Russian  people  actually  believe  they  are  privileged  to 
live  under  Jew-Communism.  The  above  poster, 
incidentally,  again  reveals  the  Jewishness  of  the 
Communist  leadership:  of  the  twelve  shown,  five  are 
Jews  and  one  (Lenin)  is  married  to  a  Jewess.  To  the 
right  of  Lenin:  Pokrovsky,  Kamenev*,  Sverdlov*, 
Lunacharsky,  Kollontai,  Krylenko,  Zinoviev*,  Bukharin, 
Trotsky*,  Rykov,  Radek*.  *NOTE:  On  a  previous  page 
Mme.  Kollontai  is  inadvertently  identified  as  Jewish. 
Her  nationality  is  unverified. 


professional  person  and  landowner.  Not 
only  were  these  "class  enemies"  exterminated,  but  members  of  their  families  fell  victim 
as  well.  The  Bolsheviks  cleverly  adopted  the  practice  of  making  hostages  of  the  families 
of  those  who  resisted  the  new  order.  David  Shub  in  his  slavishly  pro-Marxist  book, 
"Lenin",  gives  the  following  description  of  the  Red  Terror  in  Petersberg:  [Lenin,  page 
156  (ibid  page  34).] 


"Little  time  was  wasted  sifting  evidence  and  classifying  people  rounded  up  in  these 
night  raids.  Woe  to  him  who  did  not  disarm  all  suspicion  at  once.  The  prisoners  were 
generally  hustled  to  the  old  police  station  not  far  from  the  Winter  Palace.  Here,  with  or 
without  perfunctory  interrogation,  they  were  stood  up  against  the  courtyard  wall  and 
shot.  The  staccato  sounds  of  death  were  muffled  by  the  roar  of  truck  motors  kept  going 
for  the  purpose." 

This  was  the  Red  Terror  in  action. 

The  tragedy  of  all  this  cannot  be  measured  by  numbers  alone;  these  people  were  the  best 
that  Russia  had.  They  were  the  leader  class.  They  were  the  priests,  and  lawyers,  and 
merchants,  and  army  officers,  and  university  professors.  They  were  the  cream  of 
Russian  civilization. 

The  total  effect  was  much  the  same  as  it  would  be  in  any  country.  With  its  small  middle 
and  upper  class  exterminated,  Russia's  peasant  and  worker  population  accepted  Jewish 
Bolshevism  without  protest.  The  Russian  masses,  deprived  of  its  spokesmen  and  leaders 
was  simply  incapable  of  counter-revolution.  That  was  what  the  Red  Terror  set  out  to 
accomplish ... 

The  Third  International 

A  basic  tenet  of  Marxist  ideology  was,  and  is,  the  promotion  of  world  revolution.  The 
Bolshevik  leadership  undertook  in  1919  to  further  this  aim  by  establishing  the  Third 
International,  which  convened  in  March  of  1919.  Its  presiding  officer  was  Lenin,  and  its 
first  president  was  the  Jew,  Zinoviev,  who  remained  its  head  until  1926. 

The  prime  objective  of  the  Third  International  was  to  establish  communist  parties  in  the 
various  countries  of  the  world,  and  to  lend  them  aid  and  assistance  in  overthrowing 
their  respective  governments.  Prospects  of  success  were  bright  in  the  spring  of  1919  ... 

Rosa  Luxemburg's  Revolution 

The  first  country  to  experience  a  communist  revolution 
outside  of  Russia  was  Germany.  The  German  government, 
which  had  abetted  the  Bolshevik  coup  in  1917  by 
facilitating  Lenin's  return  to  Russia  via  the  sealed  railway 
car,  was  in  1918  faced  with  a  revolution  of  its  own. 

In  many  respects  the  German  Revolution  paralleled  the 
one  in  Russia.  As  World  War  I  reached  the  climatic  year  of 
1918,  and  as  German  manpower  losses  mounted,  the  Jew- 
dominated  German  Social  Democratic  Party  spread  the 
seeds  of  defeatism  among  the  German  population  much  as 
the  Bolsheviks  had  done  in  Russia.  On  November  3rd  a 
mutiny  broke  out  in  the  navy  at  Kiel,  followed  by  rioting  by 
the  Social  Democrats.  On  November  9th  the  Kaiser 


renounced  his  throne  and  the  Social  Democrats  proclaimed  a  Socialist  Republic.  Two 
days  later,  on  Nov.  nth,  they  agreed  to  an  Armistice  with  the  Allies. 

There  now  occurred  an  event  which  was  to  embitter  the  German  people  against  the  Jews 
for  all  time,  and  which  eventually  resulted  in  the  rise  of  Adolph  Hitler.  This  was  the 
demobilization  of  the  German  armies.  It  should  be  explained  that  Germany  did  not 
surrender  by  the  terms  of  the  November  nth  Armistice;  the  agreement  was  that  all 
German  armies  were  to  withdraw  to  the  pre-war  boundaries  of  Germany  as  a 
preliminary  to  a  negotiated  peace.  But  as  the  German  armies  retreated  to  German  soil, 
the  Revolutionary  government,  fearful  lest  the  Revolution  be  upset,  ordered  them 
demobilized.  On  November  nth  Germany  still  possessed  the  mightiest  military  machine 
on  earth;  thirty  days  later  it  had  nothing.  Instead  of  being  able  to  negotiate  peace  on  the 
terms  of  Wilson's  Fourteen  Points,  a  helpless  and  prostrate  Germany  got  the  Versailles 
Treaty. ... 

No  sooner  had  the  German  armies  been  demobilized  than  the  more  extreme  elements  of 
the  Social  Democratic  Party,  led  by  Rosa  Luxemburg,  laid  plans  to  seize  control  of  the 
revolution  as  the  Bolsheviks  had  done  in  Russia.  Aided  by  funds  provided  by  the  Soviet 
ambassador  Joffe,  Rosa  Luxemburg's  "Spartacus  Bund"  in  January  of  1919  attempted  to 
overthrow  the  revolutionary  government.  The  revolt,  following  bloody  street  fighting, 
was  quelled  and  its  leaders,  Rosa  Luxemburg  and  Karl  Liebknecht,  were  imprisoned  and 
later  executed  by  German  army  officers.  Following  the  execution  of  Rosa  Luxemburg, 
the  Third  International  dispatched  the  Jew,  Karl  Radek,  to  lead  the  party.  Later  the 
Jewess,  Ruth  Fischer,  assumed  control  of  the  German  communist  party,  and  remained 
at  its  head  till  1924. 

BELA  KUN 

Following  World  War  I,  Hungary  also  had  a  communist  Revolution,  in  this  case  the 
instigator  was  the  Jew,  Bela  Kun  (Cohen),  who  imposed  a  communist  regime  on  the 
country  in  the  spring  of  1919.  Bela  Kun  had  participated  in  the  Bolshevik  Revolution  in 
Russia,  and  following  the  Armistice,  he  and  a  group  of  Jewish  revolutionaries,  using 
forged  passports,  moved  into  Hungary  and  established  the  communist  newspaper, 
Voros  Ursay  (Red  News).  Well  supplied  with  finances  by  the  Soviet  government,  and 
aided  by  the  pro-communist  resident  Jewish  population,  Kun  quickly  became  the 
dictator  of  all  Hungary. 

Bela  Kun  proceeded  to  follow  the  pattern  of  the  Bolshevik  revolution.  Says  Encyclopedia 
Britannica: 

"Kun's  programme  was  to  'arm  at  once,  and  forcibly  transfer  every  industry  and  all 
landed  property  without  conservation  into  the  hands  of  the  proletariat.  'At  first  he 
collaborated  with  the  Social  Democrats  [Encyclopedia  Britannica,  page  517,  vol.  13- 
1946]  but  soon  shouldered  them  aside,  nationalized  all  banks,  all  concerns  with  over 
200  employees,  all  landed  property  over  1000  ac,  every  building  other  than 
workmen's  dwellings.  All  jewelry,  all  private  property  above  the  minimum  (e.g.  two 
suits,  4  shirts,  2  pair  of  boots  and  4  socks)  was  seized;  servants  abolished,  bathrooms 


made  public  on  Saturday  nights;  priests,  with  the  insane,  criminals  and  shopkeepers, 
employing  paid  assistants  were  declared  incapable  of  the  active  or  passive  suffrage." 

The  result  of  this  program  was,  as  in  Russia,  economic  and  social  chaos.  The 
nationalization  of  every  private  bathroom  in  a  country  cannot  be  accomplished  without 
profoundly  affecting  the  social  and  moral  tone  of  its  society.  Neither  can  the  land, 
buildings,  and  industries  of  a  nation  be  nationalized  without  creating  havoc.  As  in 
Russia,  such  a  program  could  only  be  enforced  by  resorting  to  the  Red  Terror.  During 
Bela  Kun's  three  month  reign  of  terror,  tens  of  thousands  of  people— priests,  army 
officers,  merchants,  landowners,  professional  people— were  butchered. 

The  communizing  of  the  country's  industrial  and  agricultural  resources  produced  a 
famine  in  the  cities,  and  this,  combined  with  the  peasantry's  antipathy  for  the  Jews, 
resulted  in  Kun's  eventual  overthrow.  In  an  amazingly  frank  report,  the  New 
International  Year  Book  of  1919  (Dodd,  Mead,  Co.,  page  587)  has  summarized  the 
situation: 

"One  of  the  chief  weaknesses  in  the  new  regime  was  antipathy  to  the  Jews.  In  the 
country  districts  the  feeling  was  widespread  that  the  revolution  had  been  a  movement 
on  the  part  of  the  Jews  to  seize  the  power  for  themselves,  and  the  remark  was 
frequently  heard  that  if  the  Jews  of  Budapest  died  of  starvation,  so  much  the  better  for 
the  rest  of  the  country.  The  government  of  Bela  Run  was  composed  almost  exclusively 
of  Jews  who  held  also  the  administrative  offices.  The  communist  had  united  at  first 
with  the  socialists  who  were  not  of  the  extremely  radical  party,  but  resembled 
somewhat  the  Labor  parties  or  trade  unionists  groups  in  other  countries.  Bela  Run  did 
not,  however  select  his  personnel  from  among  them,  but  turned  to  the  Jews  and 
constituted  virtually  a  Jewish  bureaucracy. " 

After  three  months  of  blood,  murder,  and  pillage,  Bela  Kun  Was  deposed  and  interned 
in  a  lunatic  asylum.  Later  he  was  released  and  returned  to  Russia,  where  he  assumed 
control  of  the  Red  Terror  organization  the  Cheka,  in  South  Russia. 

The  Triumvirate 

Lenin  died  of  a  brain  hemorrhage  in  January  of  1924.  By  this  time  the  communists  had 
become  firmly  entrenched.  The  civil  wars  were  over  and  every  vestige  of  organized 
resistance  to  Jewish-Bolshevism  had  been  destroyed.  On  Lenin's  death  the  party 
leadership  fell  to  fighting  among  itself. 

Lenin  had,  as  early  as  May  of  1922  suffered  a  paralytic  stroke  which  affected  his  speech 
and  motor  reflexes.  In  December  he  suffered  a  second  stroke,  and  his  place  was  taken  by 
a  triumvirate  composed  of  Zinoviev,  Kamenev,  and  Joseph  Stalin.  Shortly  afterwards 
Lenin  suffered  another  stroke,  and  in  1924  he  died. 


Trotzky  in  Decline 

In  the  early  days  of  the  new  regime  Trotzky  had  enjoyed  near  equality  with  Lenin  in 
prestige  and  power.  Outside  of  Russia,  Lenin -Trotzky  were  regarded  as  a  duality,  and  in 
current  literature  of  that  period  their  names  were  often  hyphenated.  The  outside  world 
had  therefore  fully  expected  Trotzky  to  assume  Lenin's  mantle  as  party  leader.  But  after 
1922  Trotzky's  prestige  in  the  Politburo  had  declined  rapidly,  as  we  shall  see. 

In  the  year  the  triumvirate  began  to  function  the  Politburo  was  composed  of  Lenin, 
Zinoviev,  Kamenev,  Trotzky,  Bukharin,  Tomsky,  and  Stalin.  The  Lenin-Zinoviev- 
Kamenev  "troika"  had,  of  course,  been  dominant  so  long  as  Lenin  was  active,  but  now 
Zinoviev  and  Kamenev,  as  the  surviving  members  of  the  "troika,"  regarded  themselves 
as  Lenin's  rightful  successors,  and  they  looked  on  Trotzky  as  a  competitor.  Into  this 
picture  Stalin  insinuated  himself.  He  allied  himself  with  Kamenev  and  Zinoviev,  and  the 
three  were  able  to  turn  the  Politburo  against  Trotsky.  Stalin  thus  became  the  junior 
member  of  the  triumvirate.  Trotzky  describes  the  situation  this  way  [Stalin  (ibid  page 
48)  page  337] 

"Used  as  a  counterweight  against  me,  he  was  bolstered  and  encouraged  by  Zinoviev 
and  Kamenev,  and  to  a  lesser  extent  by  Rykov,  Bukharin  and  Tomsky.  No  one  thought 
at  the  time  that  Stalin  would  some  day  loom  away  above  their  heads.  In  the  first 
triumvirate  Zinoviev  treated  Stalin  in  a  circumspectly  patronizing  manner;  Kamenev 
with  a  touch  of  irony. " 

Zinoviev  was  considered  to  be  the  senior  triumvir,  and  he  gave  the  opening  address  at 
the  12th  Party  Congress,  a  function  heretofore  reserved  to  Lenin.  Zinoviev  was  not  well 
received  in  this  capacity,  and  before  the  Congress  had  adjourned,  Stalin's  control  over 
the  party  machine  gave  him  a  dominant  position!  in  the  triumvirate.  This  was  the 
situation  shortly  after  Lenin's  death. 

Stalin  to  Power 

Stalin  now  moved  to  consolidate  his  position.  In  April  of  1925  he  engineered  Trotzky's 
removal  as  War  Commissar.  In  the  same  month  he  broke  with  Zinoviev  and  Kamenev 
and  allied  himself  with  politburo  members  Bukharin,  Rykov,  and  Tomsky,  Trotzky, 
Zinoviev,  and  Kamenev  now  united  their  forces  in  opposition  to  Stalin.  But  now  it  was 
too  late.  In  February  of  1926  Zinoviev  was  expelled  from  the  Politburo  then  from  the 
presidency  of  the  Petersberg  (Leningrad)  Soviet,  and  finally  as  president  of  the  Third 
International.  Less  than  a  month  later  (October  23)  Trotzky  and  Kamenev  were  also 
expelled  from  the  Politburo. 

This  marked  the  end  of  any  effective  resistance  to  Stalin.  The  next  year  Zinoviev, 
Kamenev,  and  Trotzky  were  removed  from  the  party's  Central  Committee,  and  shortly 
afterwards  all  three  were  read  out  of  the  party.  In  1929  Trotzky  was  exiled  abroad.  In 
June  of  1930  Stalin  became  the  supreme  dictator  of  Russia. 


It  is  frequently  argued  that  Stalin's  rise  to  power  marked  the  end  of  the  Jewish  phase  of 
communism.  In  support  of  this,  it  is  pointed  out  that  while  such  Jews  as  Trotzky, 
Zinoviev,  Kamenev,  Martynov,  Zasulich,  Deutsch,  Parvus,  Axelrod,  Radek,  Uritzky, 
Sverdlov,  Dan,  Lieber,  Martov,  and  others  were  prominent  in  the  early  history  of  the 
revolution,  these  have  almost  without  exception  been  executed  or  exiled.  This  on  the 
surface  is  a  convincing  argument.  But  it  completely  overlooks  the  fact  that  Stalin  has 
both  a  Jewish  wife  and  a  Jewish  son-in-law.  Both  Stalin  and  his  daughter,  Svetlana, 
have  married  into  the  powerful  Jewish  Kaganovich  family. 

STALIN'S  PAST 

Some  authors  have  suggested  that  Stalin  is  himself  a  Jew.  Known  facts  do  not  bear  this 
out.  Stalin  (born  Joseph  Vissarionovich  Djugashvili)  was  born  in  the  mountain  village  of 
Gori,  situated  in  the  province  of  Georgia,  in  1879.  His  father,  Vissarion  Djugashvili,  was 
a  peasant  from  the  neighboring  town  of  Dido-Lilo— his  mother  was  Ekaterina  Geladze, 
whose  forebears  were  serfs  in  the  village  of  Gambareuli. 

Not  too  much  is  known  about  Stalin's  father.  He  was  for  a  time  a  cobbler,  and  he  seems 
to  have  worked  as  a  day  laborer  in  a  shoe  factory  in  Adelkhanov.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a  heavy  drinker. 

Stalin's  mother  was  a  devoutly  religious  woman  who  took  in  washing  to  feed  her  family, 
and  her  life's  ambition  was  to  see  her  son  become  a  priest.  Young  "Stalin"  attended  the 
elementary  school  in  Gori— a  four  year  course— and  in  1894  he  obtained  a  free 
scholarship  to  the  Tiflis  Theological  Seminary  which  provided  free  clothing,  books,  and 
food  in  addition  to  his  tuition.  Four  years  later  he  was  expelled,  after  which  he  applied 
himself  to  revolutionary  activity. 

Stalin's  first  wife  was  Ekaterina  Svanidze,  who  bore  him  one  son  (Yasha  Jacob) 
Dugashvili.  Jacob  was  a  dullard  who,  even  after  his  father  became  dictator,  worked  as  an 
electrician  and  a  railway  mechanic. 

Stalin's  second  wife  was  Nadya  Alliluyeva,  who  bore  him  a  son,  Vasili,  and  a  daughter, 
Svetlana.  Vasili  is  now  a  major-general  in  the  Red  Air  Force. 

Svetlana  Stalin  has  been  married  twice.  Nothing  is  known  of  her  first  husband— we  do 
not  even  know  when  the  marriage  occurred,  or  where,  or  who  the  groom  was.  It  is  an 
official  government  secret. 

Svetlana  Stalin  Marries  Kaganovich 

The  fate,  as  well  as  the  identity  of  Svetlana's  first  husband  remains  unknown.  But  of  her 
second  husband  there  is  no  doubt  whatever:  he  is  Mihail  Kaganovich,  son  of  Politburo 
minister  Lazar  Kaganovich  and  he  is  a  Jew. 


This  leads  one  to  speculate  as  to  the  true  position  of  Lazar  Kaganovich  in  Russia  today. 
With  a  daughter  married  to  Stalin,  and  a  son  married  to  Stalin's  only  daughter,  he  is  to 
say  the  least,  in  a  unique  position.  Just  where  Stalin's  power  leaves  off  and  Kaganovich's 
begins  is  difficult  to  determine. ... 


KAGANOVICH 

One  of  the  most  frequent  arguments 

used  to  disprove  the  Jewishness  of 

Russia's  present  day  leadership, 

strangely  enough,  revolves  around 

Lazar  Kaganovich.  Propagandists  are 

fond  of  pointing  him  out  as  "the  only 

Jewish  member  of  the  Politburo,"  the 

suggestion  being  that  since  the 

Politburo  contains  only  one  Jew,  it  is 

plainly  not  Jewish  controlled.  But  this 

argument  will  not  stand  the  light  of 

day  it  completely  ignores  the  fact  that 

both  Premier  Stalin  and  vice-premier 

Molotov  have  Jewish  wives.  And  it 

conveniently  overlooks  the  fact  that 

the  solitary  Jew,  Kaganovich,  is  doubly  related  to  Stalin  by  marriage.  Kaganovich  is  not 

just  another  member  of  the  Politbureau  he  is  Stalin's  brother-in-law,  and  his  chief 

advisor  and  trouble-shooter. 


MOLQTQVi   wiFt   ii   j-hf   jfrt-w    of  **   J<w,    Sam    ittfi, 

0*n>°n     -■!    ■'■■-    tibtfi     fcl-ji'>;1-lrri(j*il    C-fl   .    ■.ridgnparh,     Cnnn 


The  Stalin-Molotov-Kaganovich  combination  which 
rules  Russia  today  is  just  as  solidly  Jewish  as  was  the 
original  Lenin-Zinoviev-Kamenev-Trotzky 
government.  The  excerpt  is  taken  from  Life  magazine 
(July  14, 1941).  It  identifies  Lazar  Kaganovich  as 

1.  "probably  the  ablest  man  on  the  politburo"; 

2.  Stalin's  brother-in-law; 

3.  "the  most  eligible  looking  member  of  the  politburo"; 

4.  a  Jew. 

Facts  like  these  are  considered  "anti-Semitic,"  are 
seldom  printed  by  the  American  press. 


IRON  CURTAIN  DICTATORS 


In  the  communist  satellite  nations,  as  in  Russia,  the  Jews  occupy  virtually  every  key 
position  of  power.  Perhaps  no  better  proof  of  this  can  be  found  than  in  John  Gunther's 
book,  Behind  the  Iron  Curtain.  [Behind  the  Iron  Curtain  -  page  40  by  John  Gunther, 
Harper  &  Brothers,  New  York.]  Gunther,  a  Jew- Loving  "liberal"  of  the  most  sickening 


type,  reveals  that  Poland,  Hungary,  Roumania,  and  Czechoslovakia  all  have  Jewish 
Dictators  (see  cut).  Given  here  is  a  brief  description  of  these 
"Iron  Curtain  Dictators." 


♦-^HUNGARY:  The  three  "moscovites"  mentioned  by 
Gunther  (above),  are  the  Jews,  Matyas  Rakosi 
(Rosencranz),  Erno  Gero  (Singer),  and  Zoltan  Vas. 
Hungary  has  enjoyed  the  unique  privilege  of  undergoing 
two  bloody  communist  dictatorships,  both  Jewish-led.  The 
first  was  that  of  Bela  Kun.  When  Kun's  regime  collapsed  in 
1919,  hundreds  of  his  Jewish  compatriots  fled  with  him  to 
Russia,  among  whom  were  Matyas  Rakosi  and  Erna  Gera. 
In  1945,  when  the  communists  took  over  the  country, 
Matyas  Rakosi  was  installed  as  the  supreme  dictator  of 
Hungary,  with  Erno  Gera  and  Zoltan  Vas  occupying 
positions  number  two  and  three. 


MATrAJ    nA<05' 


Rakosi  is  an  intimate  of  Stalin,  knew  Lenin  personally,  and  was  Commissar  of  Social 
Production  under  Bela  Kun.  He  is  a  typical  member  of  the  Jewish  bureaucracy  which 
controls  communism. 

Although  every  foreign  correspondent  and  every  news  service  knows  the  identity  of 
these  "Iron  Curtain"  dictators,  they  are  seldom  in  the  press,  and  never  are  they 
identified  as  Jews.  Any  newspaperman  daring  to  identify  the  communist  leadership  as 
Jewish  would  instantly  be  threatened  with  loss  of  advertising,  and  would  be  accused  of 
"bigotry"  and  "anti-Semitism." 


^POLAND:  Poland  has 
shared  the  tragic  fate  of 
Hungary.  "The  men  who 
dominate  Poland"  (See 
Gunther's  cut,  preceding  page) 
are  the  Jews,  Mine, 
Skryeszewski,  Modzelewski, 
and  Berman.  The  first  three  are 
of  cabinet  rank,  while  Jacob 
Berman's  official  position  is 
that  of  Under-Secretary  of 
State— a  minor  office.  Yet  it  is 
this  Jacob  Berman  who  is  the 
undisputed  boss  of  Poland. 


mufliSK  Ami  Liifcje  pari  in  their  administrations. 

10,  J-fi-L's  jrtay  :i  very  prominent  role  in  scvural  guvcJ'Uluicntt. 

HiTf'  w.e  tread  rleJu-itLe  ^Toumd.  The  ilireu  "Muscovites"  vvha 
run  Jliin^iy  ajc  Jfiwg,  the  men  who  dominate  Poland  aic  Jrvt\  . 
the  MJtrctiiry  ^tihthJ  til  the  {^omrewiiist  party  in  Czechoslovakia 
is  a  Jew,  A™  Paukar  nf  liumania  u  a  Jewess.  This  brings  up 
the  gravt  point  that  Jews,  aa  a  Trace  and  a  nai.ion.  may  be  un- 
ju«ly  a^essrcl  blame—  by  the  ignoram — for  the  nature  of  th 


The  above  excerpt  is  taken  from  page  40  of  John  Gunther's  Behind 
the  Iron  Curtain.  Later  in  the  book  Gunther  identifies  "the  three 
moscovites  who  run  Hungary,"  as  the  Jews,  Rakosi,  Vas,  and  Gero. 
He  also  identifies  the  Jew  who  runs  Poland  as  Jacob  Berman,  and 
reveals  that  the  Jewish  general  secretary  of  the  party  in 
Czechoslovakia  is  Rudolph  Slansky.  In  spite  of  all  this,  Gunther 
vigorously  denies  Communism  and  Jewish. 
Berman,  a  product  of  the 

Warsaw  ghetto,  has  lived  in  Russia,  and  was  installed  as  dictator  over  Poland  when  the 
Russian  armies  took  over  the  country.  He  prefers  to  work  behind  the  scenes  as  much  as 
possible— a  device  frequently  used  to  hide  the  Jewishness  of  communism.  Poland's 


Jewish  bureaucracy  is  perhaps  the  largest  of  my  Iron  Curtain  country  outside  of  Russia 
proper.  Although  Jews  comprise  less  than  3%  of  the  total  population  behind  the  Iron 
Curtain,  they  occupy  virtually  every  position  of  authority.  These  facts  should  convince 
even  the  most  doubtful  that  communism  is  Jewish— that  behind  international 
communism  stands  the  international  Jew.  Jews  and  communists  will  never  bother  to 
deny  this,  but  they  will  viciously  attack  those  who  expose  the  truth. 

^^ROUMANIA  [Romania]:  Anna  Pauker,  well  known  as  the  boss  of  Roumania,  is  so 
obviously  Jewish,  and  so  well  recognized  as  such,  that  documentation  is  unnecessary. 

Anna  was  born  in  Bucharest  of  orthodox  Jewish  parents.  Her  father  (who  was  a  Kosher 
butcher)  and  a  brother  now  live  in  Israel.  Anna  earned  a  living  for  a  time  teaching 
Hebrew,  and  for  a  while  she  lived  in  the  U.S.  Her  husband  became  identified  as  a 
"Trotskyite,"  and  was  executed  in  one  of  Stalin's  purges.  Today  Anna  Pauker  is  one  of 
the  most  powerful  figures  in  the  communist  world. 

^* YUGOSLAVIA:  The  only  non-Jewish  dictator  behind  the  Iron  Curtain  is  Tito  of 
Yugoslavia,  which  fact  probably  explains  his  revolt  against  the  Kremlin.  But  Tito  was 
tutored  by  the  Jew,  Mosa  Pijade.  Says  John  Gunther  of  Pijade:  "He  is  Tito's  mentor  ... 
Whatever  ideological  structure  Tito  may  have,  he  got  from  this  shrewd  old  man." 
[Behind  the  Iron  Curtain,  by  John  Gunther,  Harper  Brothers,  New  York.] 


■CZECHOSLOVAKIA:  The  secretary-general  of  the  communist  party  in 
Czechoslovakia,  whom  John  Gunther  identifies  as  a  Jew  dictator,  is  Rudolph  Slansky. 
Like  the  other  satellite  dictators,  he  was  placed  in  command  of  things  when  the 
communists  took  over.  Slansky,  incidentally,  has  been  purged  by  the  party,  and  is  at  this 
writing  under  arrest. 

The  excerpt  to  the  left  [about  50  words,  under  headline  A  Czech  Purge]  is  taken  from 
page  10  of  the  Dec.  10th  QUICK  magazine.  Notice  that  although  Slansky  is  identified  as 
the  "former  Red  Boss"  of  Czechoslovakia,  he  is  not  identified  is  a  Jew. 

JEWS  IN  AMERICA 

Jewish  historians  divide  Jewish  immigration  into  the  U.  S.  into  three  phases:  the 
Sephardic  or  Spanish  Period,  the  German  Period  and  the  Russian-Polish  Period. 

Sephardic  Period 

Since  colonial  America  was  still  a  pioneer  country,  there  were  almost  no  Jews  here 
before  the  American  Revolution.  In  1776  there  were  certainly  no  more  than  a  few  score 
of  Sephardic  Jews  in  the  entire  country.  Modern  Jewish  historians  have  tried  to  prove 
the  existence  of  two  Jewish  privates  in  Washington's  armies,  but  the  question  is  of  no 
consequence  either  way.  By  1830—50  years  after  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 


220  years  after  the  founding  of  Jamestown— there  were  an  estimated  10,000  Jews  in  the 
U.S.,  comprising  perhaps  i/5th  of  1%  of  the  total  population. 

German  Period 

During  this  period  a  fairly  steady  trickle  of  German  Jews  came  to  the  U.S.  mainly  from 
Germany,  so  that  by  1880  they  numbered  about  250,000,  out  of  a  total  population  of  50 
million— about  1/2  of  1%. 

Russian-Polish  Period 

Following  the  assassination  of  Tsar  Alexander  II  in  1881,  vast  numbers  of  Russian  Jews 
inundated  our  port  cities;  between  1881  and  1917  our  Jewish  population  increased  by 
1200%— to  more  than  three  millions! 

World  War  I  and  the  Russian  Revolution  added  to  this  influx.  Many  Jews  left  Poland 
when  as  a  result  of  the  Versailles  Treaty,  it  was  made  independent  of  Soviet  Russia; 
others  fled  Russia  during  the  counter-revolution  and  civil  war  which  raged  in  1918-1919- 
1920.  The  White  Russian  Armies,  regarding  Bolshevism  as  a  Jewish  movement,  showed 
little  mercy  to  those  Jewish  communities  falling  into  their  hands.  Many  Jews,  fleeing 
these  anti-communist  armies,  eventually  made  their  way  to  the  U.S. 

This  flood  of  immigration  continued  until  1924,  when  the  Johnson-Lodge  bill 
temporarily  brought  it  to  a  halt.  However,  when  the  Roosevelt  administration  came  to 
power  in  1932,  the  barriers  were  once  again  lowered,  so  that  in  the  calendar  years  of 
!939>  52.3%  of  all  immigrants  admitted  to  the  U.S.  were  Jewish.  Since  World  War  II  this 
influx  has  continued  under  so-called  DP  legislation,  with  the  result  that  approximately 
half  of  the  world's  Jewish  population  has  now  congregated  here.  Today,  official  Jewish 
sources  estimate  America's  Jewish  population  to  be  (1949)  5,185,000.  The  actual  figure 
is  almost  certainly  higher,  and  may  exceed  7  million  ... 

NEW  YORK:  Jew  Capital  of  the  World 

"The  newly  arrived  Jews  settled  in  the  metropolitan  centers,  New  York  alone 
absorbing  approximately  half  of  the  total  Jewish  immigration.  But  the  "ghettoization" 
of  the  East-European  Jews  in  the  United  States  was  the  result  not  of  objective  forces 
only:  it  was  as  much  the  result  of  the  immigrant's  desire  to  retain  all  they  could  of  their 
old  way  of  life" 

—Page  218,  The  Jewish  People,  Past  and  Present,  Central  Yiddish  Culture  Organization 
(CYCO)  New  York. 

New  York  City,  with  its  more  than  two  million  Jews,  has  been  the  staging  ground  for  the 
Jewish  invasion  of  the  U.S.  Here  the  Jewish  immigrant  has  found  a  ghetto-like 
environment  similar  to  the  one  he  left  in  east-Europe.  Here  he  learns  the  language  and 
customs  of  the  country.  Here  he  gathers  know-how  and  capital  before  faring  forth  into 


the  hinterland  of  America  Soon  he  will  be  buying  up  a  business  on  the  Main  Street  of 
Los  Angeles,  or  Dallas,  or  Chicago. 

Many  lower  class  Jews,  being  unable  to  learn  the  language  or  raise  the  capital,  or  being 
otherwise  unequipped  to  go  into  business  or  the  professions,  have  settled  in  New  York 
to  become  workers  and  craftsmen.  Thus  we  find  Ben  Gold's  communistic  fur  workers 
union,  and  David  Dubinsky's  "socialistic"  garment  workers  union,  consisting  almost 
entirely  of  Jews.  As  would  be  expected  therefore  New  York  City  has  been  the  seed-bed 
for  communism  in  the  United  States. 

U.S.  Communist  Party 

The  American  Communist  Party  has  never  been  very  large  in  1940  it  had  an  estimated 
80,000  members;  it  has  perhaps  half  that  many  now.  On  first  appearances  this  would 
seem  to  rule  it  out  as  a  significant  force  in  American  politics.  But  appearances  can  be 
deceptive.  Unlike  the  mass-recruited  communist  parties  of  France  and  Italy,  the 
American  communist  party  is  small,  carefully  chosen,  well  disciplined,  and  fanatical. 
Few— perhaps  no  one— of  its  membership  has  been  recruited  from  the  sweaty-shirt 
strata,  its  members  are  college  professors  and  union  leaders,  physicists  and  government 
workers,  reporters,  playwrights  and  business  executives,  actors  and  newspaper 
reporters.  Some  of  its  members  are  wealthy;  almost  all  are  well  educated.  Its  chief  asset 
is  its  ability  to  mobilize  the  combined  forces  of  American  Jewry  to  its  use. 

THE  TREASON  TRIALS 

Since  early  1945  the  communist  party  has  been  involved,  in  a  series  of  highly  publicized 
treason  and  conspiracy  trials  utterly  without  precedent  in  American  history  These 
included 

the  "Amerasia  Case," 

the  "Gerhart  Eisler  Case," 

the  "Judith  Coplin  Case," 

the  "Alger  Hiss  Case," 

the  "Hollywood  Ten  Case," 

the  "Fuchs-Gold  Atom  Spy  Case," 

the  "Rosenberg-Sobell  Case," 

and  the  case  of  "Eugene  Dennis  and  the  Convicted  Eleven." 

It  was  impossible,  of  course,  to  conceal  altogether  the  Jewishness  of  the  overwhelming 
majority  of  the  defendants.  But  Jewish  propagandists  exhausted  every  trick  in  trying. 
One  Jewish  publication— Look  magazine— ran  a  picture  story  on  the  spy  trials  in  which 
the  defendants  were  variously  described  as  "typical  Americans" ...  "American  born" . . 
and  "as  American  as  apple  pie."  So  there  will  be  no  further  doubt  regarding  the  racial 
identity  of  the  American  communist  party,  we  have  accumulated  photographs  and  data 
on  virtually  every  communist  indicted  or  tried  for  communistic  activity  since  1945.  The 
reader  may  judge  for  himself. 


AMERASIA  CASE 

In  early  1945  the  FBI  arrested  six  individuals,  three  of  whom  are  known  Jews,  for 
stealing  1700  highly  confidential  documents  from  State  Department  files.  This  was  the 
Amerasia  Case.  Those  arrested  were: 

•  PHILIP  JAFFE,  a  Russian  Jew  who  came  to  the  U.S.  in  1905.  He  was  editor  of  the 
magazine,  "Amerasia,"  and  was  the  former  editor  of  the  communist  paper,  "Labor 
Defense."  He  was  convicted  and  fined. 

•  ANDREW  ROTH,  a  Brooklyn  born  Jew  with  a  lieutenant's  commission  in  Naval 
Intelligence. 

•  MARK  GAYN,  a  writer,  born  in  Manchuria  of  Russian-Jewish  parents.  His  Jew  name  is 
Julius  Ginsberg. 

•  JOHN  STEWART  SERVICE,  a  high  State  Department  official  who  gave  Jaffe  much  of 
the  stolen  material  He  is  believed  to  be  a  gentile. 

ALSO  ARRESTED  were  Emmanuel  Larsen  and  Kate  Mitchel,  nationality  unknown. 

Only  two  of  those  arrested  were  actually  brought  to  trial,  although  the  Justice 
Department's  case  was  considered  airtight.  The  trial  of  the  ringleader,  Philip  Jaffe,  was 
one  of  the  strangest  on  record.  Late  one  Friday  afternoon  he  was  rushed  into  court 
without  any  previous  notice  or  publicity,  and  before  anyone  knew  what  was  going  on  he 
pleaded  guilty,  and  was  sentenced  and  fined.  By  paying  the  comparatively  insignificant 
sum  of  $1,500.00  he  was  relieved  from  the  danger  of  any  future  prosecution.  Roth  paid 
a  $500.00  fine. 

John  Stewart  Service  was  not  prosecuted,  nor  was  he  discharged  from  his  high  State 
Department  position.  The  State  Department,  despite  the  constant  prodding  of  Senator 
McCarthy  of  Wisconsin,  refused  to  accept  the  evidence  against  him.  Four  times  he  was 
called  before  the  State  Department's  "loyalty  board,"  and  four  times  he  was  cleared. 

This  in  spite  of  an  FBI  wire  recording  of  his  transactions  with  Jaffe!  Not  until  the  fifth 
loyalty  hearing  was  it  decided  that  there  were  "reasonable"  grounds  for  suspecting  his 
loyalty.  This  came  six  years  after  the  original  arrests.  Somewhere,  hidden  hands  were 
pulling  wires ... 

ALGER  HISS  CASE 

The  second  treason  case  also  involved  the  State  Department.  This  was  the  trial  of  Alger 
Hiss,  protege  of  Supreme  Court  Justice  Felix  Frankfurter.  Hiss,  like  Acheson,  was  a 
student  under  Frankfurter  at  Harvard. 

Hiss  was  one  of  the  most  influential  men  in  the  State  Department.  At  Yalta  he  had  been 
a  Roosevelt  advisor;  at  San  Francisco  he  helped  draw  up  the  United  Nations  charter. 
And  he  was  an  intimate  friend  of  the  secretary-of-state. 


Hiss,  although  a  communist,  was  not  convicted  for  being  one.  He  perjured  himself  by 
denying  his  communist  activities,  however,  and  it  was  on  this  charge  that  he  was  tried 
and  convicted. 

The  Alger  Hiss  trial  was  also  a  unique  one.  Dean  Acheson's  wife  campaigned  to  raise 
funds  for  his  defense.  Acheson  himself  declared:  "I'll  not  turn  my  back  on  Alger  Hiss." 
Felix  Frankfurter  actually  took  the  witness  stand  to  testify  as  a  character  witness  for  his 
protege.  In  spite  of  all  this,  Hiss  was  convicted  and  sent  to  the  penitentiary. 

Frankfurter's  role  in  this  treasonable  drama  is  worth  commenting  on.  An  immigrant 
Jew  from  Austria,  he  has  a  life-long  affinity  for  pro-Marxist  causes.  He  first  attained 
prominence  as  one  of  the  defenders  of  Sacco  and  Vanzetti. 

Frankfurter,  along  with  Lehman  and  Henry  Morgenthau,  is  one  of  the  most  influential 
Jews  in  America  today.  In  addition  to  Acheson  and  Hiss,  he  has  been  responsible  for  the 
placing  of  an  estimated  200  of  his  "proteges"  in  high  places.  These  include: 

1.  Nathan  Witt,  former  general  secretary  of  the  National  Labor  Relations  Board; 

2.  Lee  Pressman,  chief  legal  counsel  for  the  CIO; 

3.  John  Abt,  key  attorney  for  the  SEC,  AAA,  and  WPA. 

All  are  Marxist  Jews;  Pressman  has  admitted  being  a  card  carrying  party  member. 

Frankfurter  may  or  may  not  be  a  communist,  but  an  amazing  number  of  his  proteges, 
including  Alger  Hiss,  have  turned  out  to  be.  That  was  the  background  of  the  Alger  Hiss 
Case. 

Judith  Coplin 

One  of  the  most  publicized  treason  trials  was  that  of  Jewish  Judith  Coplin  in  June  of 
1949.  She  was  caught  red-handed  passing  classified  documents  from  Justice 
Department  files  to  a  Russian  agent,  who  happened  to  be  employed  by  the  United 
Nations.  She  was  convicted  of  espionage  and  sentenced  to  15  years  in  prison.  Later  the 
conviction  was  set  aside  by  the  Supreme  Court  on  the  grounds  that  the  FBI  had  arrested 
her  improperly  and  with  out  a  warrant.  It  pays  to  have  a  friend  on  the  Supreme  Court,  or 
so  it  would  seem... 

Gerhart  Eisler 

The  highest  ranking  communist  ever  brought  to  trial  in  the  U.S.  was  Gerhart  Eisler. 
Between  1935  and  February  of  1947  he  was  the  secret  boss  of  the  Communist  Party  in 
the  U.S.  In  those  years  he  commuted  regularly  between  the  U.S.  and  Russia,  using  the 
aliases  Berger,  Brown,  Edwards,  and  others.  His  right  hand  man,  and  the  second 
ranking  cominform  (Communist  Information  Bureau)  agent  in  the  U.S.  was  J.  Peters, 
author  of  the  "Peters'  Manual."  His  real  name  was  Goldberger,  and  like  Eisler  he  is 
Jewish. 


Several  of  Eisler's  family  have  also  been  prominent  in  the  Party.  A  brother,  Hans,  has 
built  an  outstanding  reputation  as  a  writer  of  revolutionary  songs.  He  is  presently 
employed  as  a  songwriter  in  Hollywood.  A  sister,  Ruth  Fischer,  was  a  communist  agent 
for  a  number  of  years. 

In  May  of  1950,  while  free  on  bail,  Eisler  fled  the  U.S.  on  the  Polish  ship  Batory  and  is 
now  propaganda  chief  of  Russian-occupied  Eastern  Germany. 


The  Hollywood  Ten 

In  1950  the  ten  leading  film 
writers  of  the  Hollywood 
Film  Colony,  nine  of  whom 
are  known  Jews,  were 
convicted  for  contempt  of 
Congress  and  sentenced  to 
prison.  All  had  appeared 
before  the  House  Committee 
on  Un-American  Activities  in 
1948,  and  all  had  refused  to 
testify. 

The  Film  Colony  went  all-out 

in  its  support.  A  group  of 

film  notables,  including  shown  aboye  are  the  convicted  "Hollywood  Ten."  All  wear  $200.00 

Lauren  Bacall  and  suits,  all  are  in  the  one-to-five  thousand  dollar  a  week  bracket.  All  of 

Humphrey  Bogart,  chartered    them  are  Yiddish  except  one. 

a  special  plane  to 

Washington.  Jewish  publications  everywhere  raised  the  cry  that  the  Un-American 

Activities  Committee  was  victimizing  a  group  of  artists  who,  at  the  worst,  were  liberally 

inclined. 


As  events  proved,  the  committee  knew  exactly  what  it  was  doing.  Six  of  the  "Hollywood 
Ten"  were  communist  party  members.  The  other  four  had  flagrantly  pro-communist 
records.  Furthermore,  as  screen  writers  they  were  in  a  particularly  advantageous 
position  to  insert  subtle  bits  of  red  propaganda  into  pictures.  Given  here  is  a  roll-call  of 
the  Hollywood  Ten: 

1.  Alvah  Bessie,  a  screen-writer.  A  communist  party  member,  he  wrote  for  the  party 
publication,  New  Masses. 

2.  Herbert  Biberman,  received  a  six  month  sentence  and  a  $1,000.00  fine.  A  party 
member,  he  is  the  Yiddish  husband  of  academy  award  winning  actress  Gale 
Sondergaard. 

3.  Lester  Cole,  also  a  party  member. 

4.  Edward  Dmytryk,  who  belongs  to  15  fronts.  Fined  and  sentenced. 

5.  Ring  Lardner,  Jr.,  a  script  writer  and  party  member. 

6.  John  Howard  Lawson,  a  Broadway  playwright  and  screen  writer.  Wrote 
"Professional,"  "Success  Story."  A  party  member. 


7.  Albert  Maltz,  wrote  "Merry-go-Round,"  "Snake  Pit."  A  party  member. 

8.  Sam  Ornitz,  a  screen  writer. 

9.  Adrian  Scott,  nationality  not  verified. 

10.  Dalton  Trumbo,  a  party  member. 

The  American  Politburo 

One  of  the  top  news  stories  of  1949  was  the  trial  of  Eugene  Dennis  and  the  Convicted 
Eleven.  Collectively,  this  group  comprised  the  National  Secretariat  of  the  American 
Communist  Party;  in  other  words,  the  American  Politburo. 

The  much  publicized  trial  was  held  in  the  court  of  Judge  Harold  Medina.  Perhaps  no 
other  single  event  has  served  better  to  demonstrate  the  Jewishness  of  the  American 
communist  party.  Here  were  the  top  party  executives  driven  out  into  the  open  for 
everybody  to  see.  How  many  were  Jewish?  At  least  six.  They  are: 

1.  Jacob  Stachel,  a  Russian-born  Jew  and  still  an  alien. 

2.  John  Gates  (Jew  name  Israel  Regenstreif),  editor-in-chief  of  the  Daily  Worker  and  a 
former  officer  in  the  Communist  Brigade  in  Spain. 

3.  Gilbert  Green  (Greenberg). 

4.  Gus  Hall  (Jew  name,  Arvo  Mike  Haeberg),  son  of  Lithuanian-Jewish  parents. 

5.  Irving  Potash,  a  Russian-born  Jew. 

6.  Carl  Winter  (Jew  name  Philip  Carl  Weissberg). 

The  racial  identity  of  Eugene  Dennis  (Waldron),  Robert  Thompson,  and  John 
Williamson  has  not  been  determined. 

Ten  of  the  eleven  were  sentenced  to  5  years  in  federal  prison  and  fined  $1,000,000  each. 
Thompson  received  a  three  year  sentence. 

The  Fuchs-Gold  Spy  Ring 

On  February  3rd,  1949,  British  intelligence  agents  arrested  a  diminutive  German-born 
atomic  scientist  by  the  name  of  Klaus  Fuchs.  He  was  accused,  and  subsequently 
convicted,  of  passing  atomic  secrets  to  the  Russians.  At  the  beginning  of  World  War  II 
Fuchs  had  been  interned  by  the  British  as  an  enemy  alien.  He  was  subsequently  released 
from  British  custody  and  admitted  to  the  U.S.  at  the  personal  instigation  of  Albert 
Einstein.  As  a  scientist  for  the  Manhattan  Project,  he  had  access  to  our  innermost 
atomic  secrets  between  1942  and  1945,  and  he  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  few  men  familiar 
with  the  overall  construction  of  the  A-bomb.  He  is  now  serving  a  penitentiary  term  in 
England  for  espionage. 

Acting  on  information  obtained  from  Fuchs,  the  FBI  began  a  series  of  investigations 
which  resulted  in  the  eventual  arrest  of  nine  other  members  of  the  ring.  Of  these  nine, 
all  of  whom  were  later  convicted,  eight  were  Jewish.  Here  is  a  brief  description  of  the 
entire  ring: 


•  Harry  Gold  (Jew  name  Goldodnitsky).  A  chemist,  he  was  born  in  Switzerland  of 
Russian-Jewish  parents.  He  studied  at  Drexel  University,  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  Xavier  University  He  was  a  courier  for  the  Soviet  espionage  chief,  S.  M.  Semenov, 
who  used  the  Amtorg  Trading  Corporation  as  a  base  of  operations.  Gold  traveled  all  over 
the  country  collecting  information  from  ring  members  strategically  placed  in  defense  and 
atomic  energy  installations.  Arrested  in  May  of  1950,  he  pleaded  guilty  of  espionage  and 
received  30  years  in  prison. 

•  David  Greenglass,  the  son  of  a  Russian-Jewish  father  and  a  Polish-Jewish  mother, 
was  one  of  those  who  passed  atomic  information  to  Gold.  Between  1943  and  1946  he  was 
employed  at  the  vital  atomic  installation  at  Los  Alamos,  New  Mexico.  He  also  gave  Julius 
Rosenberg  vital  information  concerning  the  "fuse"  used  to  detonate  the  A-bomb. 
Significantly,  the  chief  of  the  Los  Alamos  project  at  this  time  was  the  Jew,  Robt. 
Oppenheimer.  Klaus  Fuchs  was  also  passing  A-bomb  information  to  Harry  Gold  from 
Los  Alamos  during  this  period. 

•  Abraham  Brothman  was  another  member  of  the  ring.  He  headed  the  engineering  firm 
of  A.  Brothman  and  Associates,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  He  supplied  Gold  with  secret  data  on 
aviation  gasoline,  turbo  aircraft  engines,  and  synthetic  rubber.  So  valuable  was  his 
contribution  that  a  Russian  official  allegedly  told  him  his  efforts  were  worth  two  brigades 
to  Soviet  Russia.  He  was  arrested  on  July  27th,  1950,  for  conspiracy  against  the  U.S.  and 
was  convicted. 

•  Miriam  Moskowitz  was  also  caught  in  the  spy  net.  A  graduate  of  the  City  College  of 
NYC,  she  was  arrested  August  17, 1950  as  part  of  the  same  apparatus.  She  was  employed 
by  the  War  Manpower  Commission  between  1942-44,  and  was  later  associated  with  the 
Brothman  firm.  Miriam  is  Yiddish.  She  was  convicted. 

•  Sidney  Weinbaum,  a  product  of  Russia's  "Charkoff '  Institute  of  Technology,  came  to 
the  U.S.  in  1922.  His  real  name  is  Israel  Weinbaum.  He  was  connected  with  the  radiation 
laboratory  at  CalTech  for  four  years,  during  which  time  he  furnished  the  Soviet 
government  with  atomic  secrets.  He  was  convicted  on  a  perjury  charge. 

•  Alfred  Dean  Slack,  was  the  only  gentile  besides  Fuchs  to  be  apprehended.  While 
employed  at  the  Oak  Ridge  establishment  he  gave  atomic  information  to  Harry  Gold.  He 
is  also  believed  to  have  given  Gold  intelligence  about  a  new  secret  explosive  while 
employed  at  the  Holtson  Ordnance  Works  at  Kingsport,  Tenn.  His  alma  mater  is 
Syracuse  University. 

The  Rosenbergs 

Three  other  members  of  the  Fuchs-Gold  ring  were  also  arrested.  However,  unlike  the 
first  seven— who  pleaded  guilty— they  chose  to  plead  "not  guilty."  As  a  result  two  of 
them— Julius  and  Ethel  Rosenberg— received  the  death  penalty  and  the  third,  Morton 
Sobell,  received  30  years  in  prison. 

•  Julius  Rosenberg  was  born  of  Russian-Jewish  parents.  An  electrical  engineer  and  a 
graduate  of  the  City  College  of  New  York  City,  he  was  instrumental  in  recruiting 
Greenglass  into  the  spy  ring.  While  employed  at  the  Emerson  Electric  Company  he  stole 
the  plans  for  the  highly  secret  proximity  fuse  which  is  now  being  used  against  American 
planes  in  Korea.  He  also  aided  in  the  theft  of  atomic  secrets:  His  job  was  to  digest 
information  from  Greenglass,  and  then  pass  it  on  to  Soviet  agents.  He  was  sentenced  to 
death. 


Ethel  Rosenberg,  wife  of  Julius,  was  convicted  of  the  same  charges  at  the  same  time. 
She  is  a  sister  of  David  Greenglass.  David  Greenglass's  wife  acted  as  a  courier  between 
Greenglass  and  the  Rosenbergs,  but  for  some  reason  was  not  put  on  trial. 
Morton  Sobell  was  also  a  graduate  of  the  City  College  of  New  York  City.  He  and 
Rosenberg  were  classmates  together.  Sobell  passed  electronic  data  to  Rosenberg, 
including  radar  secrets.  He  fled  to  Mexico  to  escape  arrest,  was  returned  by  Mexican 
authorities.  He  was  convicted  for  conspiracy  to  commit  espionage  and  was  sentenced  to 
30  years  in  prison. 


Behind  the  Atom  Treason 

The  question  which  instantly 
comes  to  mind  is:  how  were 
communist  agents  able  to  ferret 
out  our  valuable  atom  secrets 
when  so  much  secrecy  surrounded 
the  entire  project?  Why  was  it  that 
Russia  had  the  full  secret  of  atom- 
bomb  manufacture  before  the 
American  people  even  knew  of  the 
existence  of  atomic  weapons? 
These  questions  are  especially 
puzzling  when  we  consider  the 
fantastic  security  measures  taken 
to  safeguard  the  secret.  Bob 
Considine  once  described  a  fire 
which  burned  down  a  large 
building  housing  an  atomic 
installation.  Although  firemen 

could  have  easily  saved  the  building,  plant  guards  would  not  permit  them  to  enter  the 
restricted  area  because  they  didn't  have  authorized  passes!  Not  even  members  of  the 
U.S.  Congress  were  let  in  on  the  secret.  Yet  the  Soviet  agents  were  able  to  penetrate  this 
security  wall  as  though  it  weren't  there.  How  did  they  do  it? 


Left  to  right:  W.  W.  Waymack,  L.  L.  Straus*,  David  Lilienthal*, 
R.  F.  Bacher*,  Sumner  Pike.  In  1945  Harry  Truman  removed 
atomic  energy  from  military  authority  and  placed  it  under  this 
Jew-dominated  board,  headed  by  David  Lilienthal.  Lilienthal 
had  a  pro-communist  record. 


First  it  should  be  remembered  that  a  central  figure  in  the  atomic  program  was  Albert 
Einstein,  a  foreign-born  Jew  with  a  record  of  16  red  fronts  to  his  credit.  It  has  never 
been  proven  that  Einstein  is  an  actual  party  member,  but  there  can  be  absolutely  no 
doubt  as  to  where  his  sympathies  lie.  Nor  can  there  be  any  doubt  regarding  the  red  tint 
of  his  friends.  A  list  of  those  around  Einstein  reads  like  a  Who's  Who  of  Communism.  It 
was  Einstein  who  was  instrumental  in  having  Fuchs  brought  to  the  United  States. 
Furthermore,  it  should  be  remembered  that  the  chief  of  the  Los  Alamos  installation 
between  1943-45,  when  most  of  the  secrets  were  stolen,  was  the  Jew,  Robert 
Oppenheimer.  Robert  Oppenheimer  has  a  brother,  Frank,  who  is  also  an  atomic 
scientist  and  who  is,  or  was,  a  card  carrying  communist.  Frank  Oppenheimer  belonged 
to  "Professional  Unit  No.  122  of  the  Communist  Party,"  while  on  the  staff  at  Cal-Tech. 

Finally,  it  should  be  noted  that  shortly  after  V-J  day  Harry  Truman  turned  America's 
atomic  energy  program  over  to  a  board  consisting  of  five  men,  three  of  whom  were  Jews. 


Not  only  that,  but  the  Jewish  chairman,  David  Lilienthal,  had  belonged  to  at  least  two 
communist  fronts  previous  to  his  appointment.  This  was  the  background  to  the  atom 
treason. 

Scientist  X 

There  have  been  other  instances  of  Jewish  treason  in  our  atomic  energy  program. 
Witness  the  case  of  the  much  publicized  "Scientist  X"  who  from  1943  on  passed  vital 
atomic  information  to  Steve  Nelson. 

"Scientist  X"  proved  to  be  a  Jew  by  the  name  of  Joseph  W.  Weinberg  of  the  University  of 
Minnesota. 

Steve  Nelson?  His  real  name  is  Mesarosh  and  his  birthplace  is  Belgrade.  "Nelson" 
studied  at  the  Lenin  Institute  in  Moscow  and  resided  in  Russia  from  September  of  1931 
to  July  1943.  Recently  cited  for  contempt  of  Congress,  he  was  originally  arrested  for 
deportation  in  1922  when  it  was  found  that  he  had  fraudulently  entered  this  country  by 
using  the  passport  of  one  Joseph  Fleishinger,  a  cousin ... 

Canadian  Spy  Ring 

Canada  has  also  had  spy  trouble.  There  as  in  the  U.S.  the  Soviet  Embassy  served  as 
headquarters  for  espionage  activity.  There,  as  in  the  U.S.  the  principal  characters  in  the 
plot  were  Jews. 

In  early  1945  an  employee  of  the  Russian  embassy  in  Ottawa  packed  hundreds  of  secret 
Russian  documents  into  a  suitcase  and  turned  himself  over  to  Canadian  authorities.  As  a 
result,  a  spy  ring  was  uncovered  which  included— among  others— a  member  of  the 
Canadian  Parliament  and  a  professor  at  McGill  university.  Leader  of  the  ring,  and  by  far 
its  most  important  member,  was  Fred  Rose  (Rosenberg)  the  only  communist  in  the 
Canadian  Parliament.  Rose,  a  Polish-Jew.  was  the  ringleader,  the  recruiter,  and  the 
courier  for  the  ring. 

On  June  16, 1946,  he  was  sentenced  to  prison  for  his  activities.  The  following  year  (Dec. 
6. 1947)  Dr.  Raymond  Boyer,  a  professor  at  McGill  university  was  sentenced  to  two 
years  in  prison  for  having  given  Rose  information  concerning  the  secret  explosive,  RDX. 
Boyer  was  married  to  the  Jewess,  Anita  Cohen.  Arraigned  with  Rose  were  Samuel 
Gerson  (of  Russian-Jewish  parentage),  and  David  Shugar,  believed  to  be  Jewish. 
Other  Jews  implicated  in  the  Fred  Rose  spy  ring  included:  J.  Isidor  Gottheil,  Israel 
Halperin,  and  Sam  Carr  (Cohen).  (NOTE:  This  is  not  a  complete  listing  of  the  Fred 
Rose  spy  ring.) 

Second-String  Politburo 

Soon  after  the  conviction  of  the  Eugene  Dennis  crew,  a  second-string  politburo  was 
scheduled  to  assume  control  of  the  party  apparatus.  This  new  politburo  consisted  of  21 
members,  14  of  whom  are  Jewish.  On  June  21, 1951,  the  Justice  Department  indicted  the 


entire  group  for  conspiracy  against  the  United  States  government.  At  the  present  writing 
they  are  free  on  bail  pending  trial.  Here  is  the  roll-call: 

1.  Israel  Amter,  70,  a  long-time  party  stalwart.  He  organized  the  "Friends  of  the  Soviet 
Union  in  the  U.S.",  a  front  organization  which  numbers  Albert  Einstein  among  its 
prominent  members. 

2.  Marian  Maxwell  Abt,  52,  public  relations  director  and  secretary  of  the  party's 
"Defense  Commission."  She  is  a  Chicago  Jewess. 

3.  Isidore  Begun,  47,  a  Russian- Jew  who  formerly  taught  in  New  York  City's  public 
schools.  He  is  a  party  writer  and  lecturer. 

4.  Alexander  Bittelman,  61,  a  Russian- Jew,  and  reputed  to  be  "one  of  the  foremost 
theoreticians  and  dialecticians  of  the  party." 

5.  George  B.  Charney,  46,  a  Russian- Jew.  He  is  the  trade  union  secretary  of  the  N.  Y. 
state  communist  party. 

6.  Elizabeth  Gurley  Flynn,  60,  chairman  of  the  party's  "Women's  Commission."  A 
gentile,  she  was  born  in  Concord,  N.  H. 

7.  Betty  Gannett,  44,  national  education  director  for  the  party.  She  is  a  Polish-Jewess, 
and  still  an  alien. 

8.  Simon  W.  Gerson,  41,  chairman  of  the  party's  "N.  Y  State  Legislative  Bureau."  He  is 
believed  to  be  Jewish. 

9.  Victory  [sic]  Jeremy  Jerome,  54,  chairman  of  the  party's  cultural  commission.  He  is  a 
Polish-Jew. 

10.  Arnold  Samuel  Johnson,  temporary  chairman  of  District  5  Western  Pennsylvania. 
Born  in  Seattle,  he  is  a  gentile. 

11.  Claudia  Jones,  36,  secretary  of  the  party's  "National  Women's  Commission." 

12.  Albert  Francis  Lannon,  43,  party's  "National  Maritime  Coordinator"  and  president  of 
the  "Communist  Political  Association  of  Maryland  and  Washington,  D.  C."  Nationality 
unknown. 

13.  Jacob  Mindel,  69,  an  old-time  party  wheel  horse.  He  is  a  Russian  Jew. 

14.  Petty  Perres,  54,  national  secretary  of  the  party's  Negro  Commission. 

15.  Alexander  Trachtenberg,  head  of  International  Publishers,  inc. 

16.  Louis  Weinstock,  48,  member  of  the  party's  "National  Review  Commission."  He  is  a 
Hungarian  Jew. 

17.  Wm.  Wold  Weinstone,  53,  a  charter  member  of  the  party  and  a  former  secretary  of  its 
Michigan  branch.  A  Russian-Jew. 

18.  Fred  Fine,  37,  secretary  of  the  party's  "Public  Affairs  Commission."  He  is  a  Chicago 
Jew. 

19.  James  Edward  Jackson,  36,  the  party's  "Southern  Regional  Director." 

20.  Wm.  Norman  Marron,  49,  executive  secretary  of  the  N.  Y.  State  Communist  Party.  He 
is  a  Russian-Jew. 

21.  Sidney  Steinberg,  the  party's  "Assistant  National  Labor  Secretary."  He  is  a  Lithuanian 
Jew. 

THE  ROUNDUP 

On  July  26th,  1951,  the  FBI  arrested  the  15  leading  communist  party  officials  on  the 
West  Coast  (see  preceding  page).  They  were  all  identified  by  the  FBI  as  second-string 
leaders,  the  top  leadership  being  already  under  detention.  A  few  days  later,  on  August 
7th,  five  second-string  leaders  were  also  arrested  in  the  east.  All  were  charged  with 
conspiracy  to  overthrow  the  U.S.  government. 


Of  the  15  arrested  on  the  West  Coast,  six  have  been  identified  as  Jews.  They  are 

1.  Henry  Steinberg,  a  Polish-Jew; 

2.  Rose  Chernin  (Kusnitz),  a  Russian-Jewess; 

3.  Frank  Carlson,  a  Russian  Jew; 

4.  Ben  Dobbs,  a  New  York  Jew; 

5.  Frank  Spector,  a  Russian-Jew; 

6.  Al  Richmond,  a  Russian  Jew. 

Of  the  remaining  nine,  Dorothy  Healey,  Philip  Connelly,  and  Otto  Fox  are  gentile;  Carl 
Rude  Lambert  is  believed  to  be  Jewish,  and  the  identity  of  the  others  has  not  been 
determined. 

Of  the  five  arrested  in  the  east,  four  are  Jewish.  They  are: 

1.  Roy  Wood,  36,  a  gentile  and  chairman  of  the  Washington  D.C.,  Communist  Party; 

2.  Regina  Frankfeld,  41,  a  party  organizer  in  Cleveland; 

3.  George  Meyers,  38,  a  party  organizer; 

4.  Philip  Frankfield,  44,  an  organizer; 

5.  Rose  Blumberg,  of  Brooklyn. 

All  except  Wood  are  Yiddish. 
THREE  GENTILES 

Perhaps  some  attention  should  be  devoted  to  three  gentiles  who  have  figured 
prominently  in  several  of  the  treason  trials,  and  whose  names  have  constantly  appeared 
in  the  press  for  several  years.  The  three  are:  Whittaker  Chambers,  Elizabeth  Bentley, 
and  Vanderbilt  Field. 

None  of  the  three  has  been  indicted  nor  convicted  of  a  crime,  and  none  at  the  present 
time  are  party  members.  In  fact,  two  have  become  enemies  of  Communism. 
Nevertheless  they  deserve  a  place  in  any  description  of  the  American  communist  party. 

Vanderbilt  Field 

Because  he  is  a  gentile  and  because  he  has  a  famous  name,  Vanderbilt  Field  is  perhaps 
better  known  to  the  American  public  than  any  other  member  of  the  communist 
conspiracy.  This  prominence  is  not  accidental.  Jewish  propagandists,  whether 
communist  or  not,  invariably  seek  to  conceal  the  Jewish  nature  of  Communism  by 
giving  lavish  publicity  to  gentiles  such  as  Field.  As  a  point  of  fact,  Field  does  not  belong 
to  party,  nor  was  he  among  those  arrested  when  the  top  leadership  was  being  rounded 
up. 

Field  is  secretary  of  the  "Civil  Rights  Congress  Bail  Fund,"  which  is  entrusted  with 
raising  bail  for  party  members  in  trouble.  He  is  married  to  the  Jewess,  Anita  Cohen, 
former  wife  of  the  convicted  spy,  Raymond  Boyer. 


Whittaker  Chambers 

One  of  the  principal  witnesses  against  Alger  Hiss  at  his  trial  was  Whittaker  Chambers, 
who  like  Hiss  is  a  gentile.  Chambers— of  pumpkin  letter  fame— was  formerly  an  editor  of 
the  Daily  Worker  and  later  an  associate  editor  of  Time  magazine.  A  product  of 
Columbia  university  Chambers  began  his  underground  work  for  the  party  in  1932.  He 
has  since  renounced  communism  and  has  joined  the  Catholic  Church.  Like  Elizabeth 
Bentley,  he  has  given  invaluable  aid  to  the  FBI  and  the  un-American  activities 
committee  in  their  efforts  to  track  down  key  members  of  the  communist  party. 
Chambers  is  married  to  a  Jewess. 

Elizabeth  Bentley 

Elizabeth  Bentley,  a  product  of  Vassar,  is  another  former  communist  who  has  done 
much  to  expose  the  communist  underground.  For  several  years  she  served  as  a  courier 
for  a  communist  espionage  network.  She  was  the  mistress  of  the  Jew,  Jacob  Golos,  a 
trusted  Soviet  agent  and  her  immediate  superior.  He  died  of  a  heart  attack  on 
Thanksgiving  day,  1943.  It  was  after  his  death  that  Elizabeth  Bentley  turned  against  the 
party.  Since  then  she  has  co-operated  with  the  FBI  and  the  un-American  Activities 
Committee. 

COMMUNISM  IN  HOLLYWOOD 

No  discussion  of  communism  would  be  complete  without  giving  some  attention  to  the 
Hollywood  scene.  Within  the  past  few  years  a  number  of  investigations  by  the  House 
Committee  on  Un-American  Activities,  and  by  California's  "Tenney  Committee,"  have 
unearthed  a  veritable  hotbed  of  Communism  in  the  movie  colony.  We  have  already 
made  some  mention  of  the  convicted  "Hollywood  Ten"  who  received  sentences  for 
contempt  of  congress.  There  are  literally  hundreds  of  other  high  placed  Jews  with  pro- 
communist  records  in  the  film  colony,  including  millionaire  actors,  directors,  producers, 
writers,  and  executives. 

The  question  immediately  arises  as  to  why  so  many  of  these  wealthy  and  privileged  Jews 
embrace  Communism.  The  answer  is,  of  course,  that  communism  is  not  an  economic 
movement,  but  a  racial  movement.  Communism  cannot  be  understood,  or  dealt  with,  on 
any  other  basis. 

An  Easy  Target 

There  is  a  question  in  the  minds  of  many  as  to  how  and  why  the  Communists  took  over 
Hollywood.  To  begin  with,  the  Hollywood  motion  picture  industry  is  the  most  important 
vehicle  of  propaganda  in  the  English  speaking  world  today.  In  the  long  run  Hollywood 
exerts  a  greater  influence  over  the  English  speaking  peoples  than  all  other  propaganda 
mediums  combined.  It  has  therefore  become  a  prime  target  for  communist  infiltration. 
And  since  the  film  industry  is  overwhelmingly  Jewish,  communist  agents  encountered  a 
minimum  of  difficulty  in  setting  up  shop.  To  give  the  reader  some  idea  as  to  the  extent  of 


the  Jewish  control  over  Hollywood,  we  have  prepared  the  following  survey  of  the  motion 
picture  industry 

Jews  Own  the  Film  Industry 

The  Hollywood  film  industry  is  almost  exclusively  a  Jewish  enterprise.  In  the  entire 
industry  there  are  two,  and  only  two,  major  Hollywood  film  producers  operated  by 
gentiles.  All  the  rest  are  Jew-owned. 

The  two  gentile  firms  are  Twentieth-Century  Fox,  and  RKO  Pictures.  Both  companies,  it 
should  be  noted,  were  originally  formed  by  Jews,  and  were  Jew  owned  and  operated 
until  recently.  In  1948  Howard  Hughes  bought  an  eight  million  dollar  bloc  of  RKO  stock 
(assets  of  the  firm  are  $113,638,000.00)  and  since  then  has  been  prominent  in  directing 
its  affairs.  The  other  gentile  firm  is  20th  Century  Fox,  whose  president  is  Spyros 
Skouras,  a  Greek. 

The  Big  Three 

The  three  largest  motion  picture  firms  in  Hollywood  are  completely  Jewish,  and  in  a 
very  real  sense  they  dominate  the  industry.  The  "Big  Three"  are: 

•  LOEWS,  INC.,  the  giant  of  the  industry,  with  assets  listed  at  $223,141,585.43.  Its 
founder  was  Marcus  Loew,  a  Jew,  and  its  current  president  is  Nicholas  Schenck,  a 
Russian-Jew  from  the  Pale  of  Settlement.  Loews,  Inc.  owns  Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 
(MGM),  whose  president  was  Louis  B.  Mayer  for  many  years.  Dore  Schary,  a  Jew  with 
four  communist  fronts  to  his  credit,  now  heads  MGM. 

.  PARAMOUNT  PICTURES,  INC.,  with  assets  listed  at  $185,588,505.00,  is  the  second 
largest  film  producer  in  Hollywood.  Its  president  is  the  Jew,  Barney  Balaban.  Paramount 
also  owns  the  American  Broadcasting  Company  (ABC). 

•  WARNER  BROTHERS  PICTURES,  INC.,  is  the  third  largest  picture  company  in 
Hollywood,  with  assets  of  $176,284,761.00.  Its  president  is  Harry  Warner,  a  Polish  Jew. 
There  were  originally  four  Warner  brothers:  Samuel,  Harry,  Albert,  and  Jack.  In  addition 
to  their  Hollywood  holdings,  the  brothers  at  one  time  owned  530  theatres  in  the  U.S., 
and  35  film  exchanges  throughout  the  world.  Positions  number  four  and  five  go  to  20th 
Century  Fox  and  RKO  Pictures,  described  above. 

.     UNIVERSAL  PICTURES,  INC.,  with  assets  of  $47,984,034.00  is  the  sixth  largest 
film  company  in  Hollywood.  Its  president  is  the  Jew,  Nate  J.  Blumberg. 

•  COLUMBIA  PICTURES,  INC.,  with  assets  of  $39,521,240.00,  is  number  seven  in 
Hollywood.  Its  president  is  the  New  York  Jew,  Harry  Cohn. 

This  completes  the  roster  of  Hollywood  picture  producers  with  assets  of  twenty  million 
dollars  or  more.  Of  the  seven  firms  listed  above,  five  are  totally  Jewish  owned  and 
operated,  and  the  other  two  were  formerly  Jewish  owned,  and  may  still  be  in  part.  There 
are  several  smaller  firms  which  we  have  not  listed,  and  they  too  are  overwhelmingly 
Jewish.  (Note:  Above  names  and  figures  apply  to  the  year  1950) 


"Kosher  Valley" 

Hollywood  has  become  a  Jew  town.  The  Fairfax  area,  which  is  the  heart  of  the 
Hollywood  residential  district,  is  slightly  more  than  60%  Jewish,  according  to  Jewish 
statistics  (published  in  the  California  Jewish  Voice).  Virtually  every  shop  and  store  in 
Hollywood  is  Jew-owned.  The  Jews  operate  the  theatres,  restaurants,  drug  stores, 
clothing  stores— even  the  cigarette  machines.  A  visit  to  the  neighborhood  theatres  and 
eating  places  will  indicate  even  to  the  skeptic  that  Hollywood  is  predominately  inhabited 
by  east-European  Jews.  In  nearby  Los  Angeles,  Hollywood  is  sometimes  referred  to  as 
"Kosher  Valley"... 

Because  the  Hollywood  stars  are  the  industry's  stock-in-trade— its  merchandise,  so  to 
speak— they  are  mostly  gentile.  A  given  picture  may  have  a  Jew  producer,  a  Jew  director, 
and  Jew  writer,  but  generally  all  the  public  sees  is  the  prettied-up  gentile  actor.  But  even 
this  generalization  is  breaking  down  to  an  surprising  degree.  An  amazing  number  of 
actors  (and  almost  all  the  bit  players  and  extras)  are  either  Jewish,  or  married  to  Jews. 
In  Hollywood  many  a  blond  Christian  girl  has  found  her  way  to  stardom  by  marrying  (or 
going  to  bed  with)  a  hook-nosed  Khazar  Jew.  Here  is  a  partial  list  of  Hollywood  stars 
who  are,  or  have  been,  married  to  Jews: 

Doris  Day  (Melcher),  Lili  Palmer  (Peiser),  Janet  Leigh  (Curtis-Schwartz),  Claudette  Colbert 
(Pressman),  Anita  Louise  (Adler),  Madge  Evans  (Kingsley),  Jennifer  Jones  (Selznick),  Joan 
Bennett  (Wanger),  Alan  Ladd  (Carol-Lederer),  Merle  Oberon  (Korda),  Joyce  Matthews  (Berle), 
Eleanor  Parker  (Friedlob),  Norma  Shearer  (Thalberg),  Ruth  Roman  (Hall-Schiff),  Nancy  Olson 
(Lerner),  Eleanor  Holms  (Rose),  Gig  Young  (Rosenstein),  Miriam  Hopkins  (Litvak),  Myrna  Dell 
(Buchtel),  Wendy  Barrie  (Meyer),  Jean  Howard  (Feldman),  Joan  Blair  (Coplin),  Dick  Powell 
(Blondell),  Gary  Merrill  (Jolson),  John  Loder  (Lamar),  Gale  Sondergaard  (Biberman),  Norma 
Talmadge  (Schenck).  There  are  many,  many  others. 

Hollywood  is  in  more  ways  than  one  the  land  of  make-believe.  The  film  industry  can  take  a 
pock-marked,  flat-chested  little  Jewess  out  of  the  ghettoes  of  Poland  and  make  her  into  a 
glamour  girl,  envied  and  aped  by  millions.  They  straighten  her  nose,  pull  her  teeth,  bleach  her 
hair,  give  her  a  new  complexion  with  make-up  putty,  paint  on  new  lips,  pad  her  bust  and  hips, 
and  adjust  the  microphones  to  give  her  a  pleasing  voice.  A  million  dollar  publicity  campaign 
does  the  rest.  Frequently  that  is  the  formula  by  which  a  Jew-star  is  born.Here  is  a  partial  list  of 
Hollywood's  Jew-stars  (indicates  communist  front  affiliation.): 

Eddie  Cantor*,  Binnie  Barnes  (Gittel),  Joan  Blondell,  Charlie  Chaplin*  (Thonstein), 
Tony  Curtis  (Schwartz),  Bette  Davis*,  Marlene  Dietrich,  Melvyn  Douglas*  (Hesselberg), 
Deanna  Durbin,  John  Garfield*  (Garfinkle),  Frankie  Laine,  Hedy  Lamarr  (Keisler), 
Paulette  Goddard*,  Douglas  Fairbanks*  (Ullman),  Judy  Garland  (Gumm),  Judy 
Holiday*  (Tuvim),  Paul  Muni  (Weisenfreund),  Danny  Kaye*  (Kaminsky),  Larry  Parks*, 
Groucho  Marx*,  Martha  Raye,  Edward  G.  Robinson*  (Goldenberg),  Kennan  Wynn* 
(Leopold),  Ed  Wynn,  Farley  Granger,  Sylvia  Sidney*  (Koskow),  Robert  Merrill,  The  Ritz 
Brothers,  The  Andrews  Sisters,  Henry  Morgan*,  Bobby  Breen,  Benny  Baker*  (Zifkin), 
Jack  Benny  (Kubelsky),  Mary  Livingston  (Marks),  George  Burns  (Birnbaum),  Gracie 


Allen,  Theda  Bari  (Goodman),  J  Edward  Bromberg*  (Bromberger),  Kitty  Carlisle,  Sue 
Carol  (Lederer),  Ricardo  Cortez,  Milton  Berle,  Sally  Eilers,  Mary  Ellis,  Al  Jolson,  Bert 
Lahr,  Francis  Lederer,  Lew  Lehr,  Jerry  Lewis,  Peter  Lorre,  Alice  McMahon,  Pola  Negri, 
Parkyakarkas  (Harry  Einstein),  Luise  Ranier,  Gregory  Ratoff,  Victor  Borge,  Pinkey  Lee, 
Adolph  Menjou,  and  Mischa  Auer.  (In  fairness,  the  last  two  names  are  violently  anti- 
Communist.  Menjou  is  married  to  a  Christian  woman,  Auer  is  converted  to  Christianity. 
Both  have  had  difficulty  in  finding  work  because  of  their  anti-Communistic  stand). 

Other  Jew  stars  include:  Sammy  Kaye,  Stella  Adler,  Morrie  Amsterdam,  Albert 
Basserman,  Polly  Bergen,  Elizabeth  Bergner,  Morris  Carnovsky,  Mary  Ellis,  Sydney  Fox, 
Sam  Jaffe,  Sam  Levine,  Noel  Madison,  Carmel  Meyer,  Maurice  Mosovitch,  Florence 
Reed,  Joseph  Schildkraut,  Sid  Silvers,  George  Stone,  Conrad  Veidt,  Lous  Wolheim. 
There  are,  of  course,  hundreds  of  others. 

Propaganda  in  the  Movies 

For  many  years  Hollywood  limited  its  activities  to  the  more  subtle  types  of  propaganda, 
but  in  recent  years  this  has  changed.  Hollywood  has  now  committed  itself  to  producing 
at  least  four  "race"  pictures  annually.  Most  of  these  pictures  are  destined  beforehand  to 
lose  money,  and  are  made  for  purely  propaganda  purposes.  Some  are  so  inflammatory 
they  cannot  be  shown  in  certain  sections  of  the  United  States. 

Typical  examples  of  this  type  of  picture  are:  "Intruder  in  the  Dust,"  "Pinky,"  "Crossfire," 
"Gentleman's  Agreement,"  "No  Way  Out,"  and  "Home  of  the  Brave."  Invariably  these 
pictures  seek  to  inflame  minority  groups  by  portraying  them  as  being  abused  and 
persecuted  by  white  "bigots."  Such  propaganda  is  frankly  designed  to  arouse  race  hatred 
among  Negroes,  Mexicans,  Jews,  and  other  so-called  minority  groups. 

These  people  are  being  systematically  taught  to  think  and  act  in  terms  of  race— they  are 
being  taught  a  hate  philosophy.  But  there  is  another  aspect  to  this  kind  of  propaganda. 
While  minorities  are  being  taught  race  consciousness  the  white  majority  is  instilled  with 
a  sense  of  guilt  for  these  "wrongs"  committed  against  minority  groups.  We  are  taught 
that  consciousness  of  race  is  "un-American"  and  a  manifestation  of  bigotry.  We  are  told 
that  all  races  are  the  same,  and  that  we  should  discard  the  concept  of  race. 

In  this  respect,  all  Jewish  propaganda  squares  exactly  with  the  communist  line.  There  is 
a  popular  misconception  to  the  effect  that  communism  strives  to  set  one  race  against 
another.  This  is  a  half-truth,  which  means  it  is  more  dangerous  than  a  lie.  The  one  thing 
communists  fear  more  than  anything  else  is  a  rebirth  of  race  consciousness  among  the 
great  white  majority  of  the  Christian  world  The  communists  remember  that  the  very 
instant  the  German  people  became  race-conscious,  they  turned  with  deadly  fury  against 
Jewish-communism.  They  know  the  same  thing  could  happen  in  this  country. 
Therefore,  all  communist— and  Jewish— propaganda  is  directed  in  an  effort  to  destroy 
every  vestige  of  race  consciousness  among  the  white  people.  That  is  what  red 
propagandists  seek  to  achieve  with  their  propaganda  movies  and  their  "tolerance 
campaigns." 


Communism  vs.  Zionism 

One  other  question  must  be  discussed  briefly.  This  concerns  whether  or  not  all  Jews  are 
communists.  The  answer  is  no.  The  reader  will  remember  the  earlier  description  of 
Communism  and  Zionism  taking  hold  among  the  Jews  of  the  Pale  of  Settlement  as 
competitive  movements  after  1880.  When  the  Bolsheviks  took  over  Russia  in  1917,  they 
sought  to  impose  their  way  of  thinking  on  the  entire  Jewish  population.  As  Jews,  the 
Bolsheviks  adhered  to  the  belief  that  Jewish  nationalism  should  be  preserved,  but  they 
believed  it  should  be  orientated  toward  communism.  The  Communists  regarded 
Zionism  as  an  impractical  scheme,  wedded  to  British  imperialism,  and  impossible  of 
achievement.  The  Zionists,  consisting  of  the  more  religious  and  orthodox  Jews, 
stubbornly  resisted  this  concept.  As  a  result,  the  Communist  Party  established  a  special 
Jewish  section  to  deal  with  the  Zionists.  They  attempted,  with  only  partial  success  to  win 
over  the  children  of  the  Zionists  by  prohibiting  the  teaching  of  Zionism  to  children 
under  twenty.  Now  before  labeling  this  as  "anti-Semitism,"  it  should  be  remembered 
that  these  were  measures  imposed  by  one  section  of  Jewry  upon  other  Jews,  and  it 
should  be  remembered  that  Christians  received  no  such  preferential  treatment. 

This  fight  between  Communists  and  Zionists  has  lasted  right  down  to  the  present  day. 
When  the  state  of  Israel  was  formed,  tens  of  thousands  of  Zionists  were  permitted  to 
emigrate  from  Russia  and  satellite  territory  to  Palestine,  in  a  move  which  still  continues 
at  this  writing.  (We  should  note  that  non-Jews  are  NEVER  permitted  to  emigrate  from 
Communist  Russia).  But  communist  authorities  have  been  exceedingly  reluctant  to 
permit  young  Jews  to  emigrate,  and  in  many  cases  permission  has  been  denied.  Thus 
the  fight  continues.  But  the  reader  should  remember  that  this  is  a  fight  between  Jews. 
Whether  Communists  or  Zionists,  they  still  retain  their  Jewishness,  and  they  stand 
united  against  all  non-Jews.  And  although  they  travel  different  paths,  both  Communism 
and  Zionism  have  the  same  common  goal— domination  of  the  world.  Both  work  and  plan 
for  the  day  when  the  "chosen  race"  shall  "inherit  the  earth."  (End  of  book) 


Reproduction  Note:  Where  pictures  are  omitted,  also  omitted  are  their  captions).  Britton's 
96-page  booklet  is  undated,  but,  judging  by  internal  evidence— Korean  War,  but  Stalin  still 
alive— was  published  about  1952,  in  the  USA  (The  Americanized  English  spelling  has  been  left 
unchanged).  Britton  gives  no  autobiographical  information,  and  we  know  nothing  about  him, 
not  even  whether  Britton  was  his  actual  name.  (Could  he  have  been  a  Frank  Briton?)  His  booklet 
is  not  very  well  produced,  with  spelling  errors,  slightly  inept  typography,  and  badly-reproduced 
monochrome  illustrations.  There  are  120  or  so  of  these,  including  a  few  maps  and  pictures 
relating  to  pre-20th  century  times,  some  photos  from  the  Revolution,  and  many  'mug  shots'  of 
contemporary  American  Jews.  All  are  unaccredited,  but  appear  to  be  from  encyclopedias  and 
newspapers.  Just  a  few  of  these  pictures  are  scanned  in,  and  two  have  been  added  from  other 
sources.  This  booklet  deals  mostly  with  Russia  and  the  Russian  Revolution,  then  the  USA  of 
about  1950;  there's  a  huge  gap,  missing  the  entire  period  of  the  1930s  and  Second  World  War. 
Possibly  Britton  had  the  main  part  of  his  text  ready  before  the  1930s,  and  tacked  on  the  final 
part,  on  Iron  Curtain  dictators,  atomic  spies  and  Hollywood,  later.